2 possibilities here:
- the blow from the pressurized air damaged the fan (it happens, and it is recommended you keep the fan's blades still while cleaning with compressed air), because the fan is forced to spin at speeds greater than it's rating, or the fan's axle is knocked off it's bearing.
- the air dislodged a chunk of dust/hairball/debris that now is preventing the fan from spinning.
Other possibilities include the fan's connector being unplugged by the sheer force of the jet, one of the fan's wires being broken by that, etc., but they're lower on the list.
Solution: open up the case and take a look at the fan/heatsink assembly. You could do that yourself or get a specialized shop to do it.