Usually when you work on a computer, you're supposed to be sitting 18 inches from the screen (I mean your eyes are supposed to be 18" from the screen). But since this is an HDTV I guess you're probably sitting too far (don't know how your room is setup). For instance, my living room is quite large and when I'm sitting too far I can't read even though I have a 55" TV.
Unfortunately, there's no magic trick or a central configuration that will change all character sizes. For instance, in your web browser, you can press "CTRL +" to increase the size but that's only for web pages. You can increase font size in Windows as you already did, but that's only for some window menus, not everything. It can be quite painful to make changes everywhere in every software and situations, might have to tweak font size in 50 different locations which can be painful.
As suggested by dm-mtl, it's probably a lot simpler to just reduce the resolution. Try some other 16:9 resolutions and see if they do the job for you:
- 1280 x 720
- 1366 x 768
- 1600 x 900
But of course, if you watch Full HD content (1080p) you will loose quality if you reduce the resolution.
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