Yes, according to your description you have multiple devices registered, to which I am not aware of being possible. It sounds like the activation of the modem was done incorrectly.
The tech you spoke to that registered your MAC, simply validated the MAC address was entered, usually takes some time for their servers to update, and the modem to connect and download the settings.
Validate the MAC address on the site is actually the one listed on your modem.
Comcast support and communication is very lacking in my experience. You effectively have to call and ask for their Tier 2 Tech support as you are tired of explaining the same situation over and over again. If the MAC doesn't match the equipment on the site, tell them it is not correctly configured on their end, and that you need to re-activate the modem.
Power cycling the modem usually will force the software download, unplug it for at least 1 minute, then plug it in again wait 5 full minutes, and see if it changes. Without the software the modem doesn't know how to communicate with the ISP. The MAC address registration allows for it to connect to the ISP for that software download.
You said you can connect your other modem and it still works, which should not be the case if it was done correctly; the tech should have disconnected the original modem (which should also be disconnected by you), and activated the modem that you were given, which should have also been connected.
There is also a possibility that the line at the box/coming into the house has too much loss for the modem to connect to. Even more a possibility since they mailed you the modem instead of having someone come to install it and test signal strength. There are different types of Coaxial cable to which the newer modems generally require 75 ohm instead of 51 ohm.
For example you may have RG9 (51 ohm), but require RG6 (75 ohm), or even RG11 (75 ohm) coax, however I have rarely seen RG11 used in residential areas.
This was the case for one installation I had seen where the homeowner moved their modem and used a longer older cable they had in their house and couldn't connect.
Best bet call customer service or your local comcast service center and issue a service call for them to install it. Because of the new specifications of coaxial cable, it is not as DIY as they used to be. The tools for the compression fittings and signal testers are expensive compared to a service call.
As for mentioning a lawyer or threatening to cancel your service, don't bother, it won't win you any sympathy or any expedited service with comcast. The same applies when you don't tip your pizza guy enough, you won't get your pizza as fast if the guy knows you're not going to tip him... Either cancel service and switch or avoid mentioning it.
I chose the former, and explicitly asked if they drug tested their service technicians, then canceled my home service and 2 business services with them...