Windows doesn't care too much about this kind of info, the only bit of this that could be readily available is knowing if your connected g or n, which you can (probably) figure out by right clicking the wireless network and going to 'status'. If the speed is 54, then you're g, anything over that is n. I'd recommend a wireless tool like inSSIDer:
http://www.metageek.net/support/downloads/
It will highlight the network you're connected to (including the band so you know 2.4 or 5 GHz) show you the signal strength in db, the 802.11x types that the network supports etc etc, it's a great, not so well known tool.