Here's an Intel-based build that is within your budget and will meet your goals.
EVGA 01G-P4-3655-KR GeForce GTX 650 Ti BOOST 1GB 192-bit GDDR5 PCI Express 3.0 x16 SLI Support Video Card
Model #:01G-P4-3655-KR
Item #:N82E16814130914
$149.99 $149.99
Can play any game, typically on "High" settings.
Western Digital WD Blue WD10EZEX 1TB 7200 RPM 64MB Cache SATA 6.0Gb/s 3.5" Internal Hard Drive - OEM
Model #:WD10EZEX
Item #:N82E16822236339
$74.99 -$5.00 Instant $69.99
Nothing special; typical consumer drive. I've had good results with WD drives.
ASUS P8H77-M LE LGA 1155 Intel H77 HDMI SATA 6Gb/s USB 3.0 uATX Intel Motherboard with UEFI BIOS
Model #: P8H77-M LE
Item #:N82E16813131964
$79.99 -$8.00 Instant $71.99
Going for a budget board here, without giving up quality. There are a few other choices around this price, but not many.
LITE-ON DVD Burner - Bulk Black SATA Model iHAS124-04 - OEM
Model #:iHAS124-04
Item #:N82E16827106289
$17.99 $17.99
One optical drive is much like another.
Intel Core i3-3240 Ivy Bridge 3.4GHz LGA 1155 55W Dual-Core Desktop Processor ...
Model #:BX80637i33240
Item #:N82E16819116773
$124.99 $124.99
This hyperthreaded i3 should do well on even the latest games, with the possible exception of those few that are very heavily threaded; even then it shouldn't be "bad."
Rosewill CAPSTONE-450-M 450W Continuous @ 50°C, Intel Haswell Ready, 80 PLUS GOLD, ATX12V v2.31 & EPS12V v2.92, SLI/CrossFire ...
Model #:CAPSTONE-450-M
Item #:N82E16817182261
$99.99 -$30.00 Instant $69.99
For $10 more, you can get a Seasonic 550W unit, but on a budget this PSU (and the platform on which it is based) has reviewed very well. I'd buy one.
Rosewill CHALLENGER-U3 Black Gaming ATX Mid Tower Computer Case ,comes with Three Fans-1x Front Blue LED 120mm Fan, 1x Top ...
Model #:CHALLENGER-U3
Item #:N82E16811147060
$69.99 -$10.00 Instant $59.99
I like Rosewill cases. Among their advantages, they tend to come with more fans than nearby competitors like CM.
G.SKILL NS Series 8GB (2 x 4GB) 240-Pin DDR3 SDRAM DDR3 1333 (PC3 10600) Desktop Memory Model F3-1333C9D-8GNS
Model #:F3-1333C9D-8GNS
Item #:N82E16820231643
$61.99 $61.99
RAM is getting pricey! I've always had good results from G.Skill.
Subtotal: $626.92
Add Windows 7 for $80 (with a promo code) and you'll have a decent, upgradable system able to do well in modern games. At the high end of your budget, but does not go over (assuming you have a prior keyboard and mouse).