Note: This is for Windows 7 and older, the procedure for Windows 8 is completely different.
Try booting into safe mode. When turning on the computer repeatedly press F8. You should get a black and white screen with boot options, choose "Safe Mode with Networking". If Windows regular loading screen starts you will have to try again.
Did you make any changes to the computer? Driver updates, Windows Updates, etc?
If yes, undo the changes.
If no, try running a virus scan like Trendmicro Housecall:
http://housecall.trendmicro.com/
Also, if it wasn't the issue, you can check for Windows updates.