If the motherboard chipsets are identical it may boot and run , with a host of possible errors for other mb chips ........like sound, USB 3 , network etc showing in device manager
You would uninstall them there and then run the mb driver disk for the new board .
Generally though its not worth the problems and a clean install is a good idea .
And a clean install on a new hard drive an even better idea , so your drive data remains intact while you get the pc up and running again .
If you have an OEM copy of windows you will not be able to activate it on the new mb , but try calling MS and activating by phone . They might let you