The microprocessor package for a Core 2 Duo microprocessor contains only a single chip containing two cores and accompanying cache.
The microprocessor package for a Core 2 Quad microprocessor contains two chips each containing two cores and accompanying cache. The two chips are connected to a multi-chip-module. There is little logical difference between a Core 2 Quad in a single socket, and a pair of Core 2 Duos in two sockets.
Starting with the Nehalem series of microprocessors all of the cores were integrated into a single chip. Some variants of the Westmere microprocessor contained an IGP within the package as well, as a separate chip.
All Sandybridge and Ivybridge microprocessors exist as a single chip with all components...