You can also load
Device Manager then go,
View, Resources by connection.
All those addresses (in hexadecimal) are devices mapped to the processors physical address space.
Yes, devices can (and should be) mapped to various ranges as well as physical memory.
Sometimes you can change the configuration of the devices to use a smaller, usually 75% or 50%, of the address space, upon rebooting you'll gain X amount of memory as there will be address space 'left over' to map more physical RAM to it.
- This is a double edged sword however, and you device will have it's performance impacted. Possibly slightly, possibly significantly, depending how much the CPU needs to 'talk' directly directly to the device in question.
- There are registry options mentioned in pages that may not be available on the Internet anymore that describe ways to configure the various video drivers to reclaim 'lost' memory like this.
Basically, memory gets what is 'left over' after the BIOS, UEFI, etc. get their way, then Windows takes a stab at it and tries to optimize it a little more, etc.
If you tally the hex' ranges that will be the exact amount of physical memory that is not being used.
On server motherboards and/or systems with SLI it can be as much as 1.25GB (maybe more), leaving only 2.75GB available for mapping to physical memory.
Anyone who claims this is bullshit knows very little about computer hardware and has never actually checked the tally matches.
For example: (in 64-bit OS) the range:
FBEC,0000 to FBED,FFFF is a 3GB block of address space. So if I had 1TB of RAM,
or whatever the physical limit is for this processor in 64-bit OS, there would be
at least 3GB of that 1024GB
not getting mapped and I would see something like
1024GB (1021GB Available) assuming that there was not an artificial limit of far less memory in 64-bit systems.
One day we'll all be complaining about this instead, maybe when 3GB of RAM costs less than 75 cents.
In conclusion: Schools today are failing our kids, and our 'national standards' for learning about 'subject X' are a joke in the western world.