The weirdest thing about this (to me) is that both your laptop and phone can't connect, but all other devices can.
It sounds like either you're doing something wrong, there's some form of MAC filtering, or there's some other link between your devices.
You don't have any form of traffic management (limiting/metering a certain user's monthly data) set up? I believe you can do it on that router, and it might do that if set up in a particular way and it believes you're over your cap.
I can't see a lot of extra options aside of either a factory reset on at least the router (and probably looking at wiping the WLAN settings on your laptop and phone, possibly complete reinstall), or using packet analysis tools e.g. Aircrack to see what's...