The resistor depends on the current the LED can handle(and the forward voltage of the LED in use. These are not like camera flashes that use much more power.), now you can not just go plug in an led to a 3.5mm jack and expect it to light up. Headphones operate at very low voltage levels. That said you would also have to play a tone to even get it to light.
Some microphones operate with phantom voltage, but chances are this is not going to be how the one on a cell phone works.
You are far better off with something that is just battery operated. If you find you are not getting enough light for image taking, you may be able to build a holder to mount a flash light on the phone(or the phone on the light). to give you faster images(more light means the shutter stays open for less time).
Please note that an actual camera flash is MUCH brighter, but the cell phone sensors are optimized for lower light anyway(and the small size helps with this at a cost to overall image quality).
Edit,
Here is a calculator that allows you to determine the resistor needed.
http://ledcalc.com/
You still need to know info on the power source(voltage) and led(current and forward voltage).
Again, due to inexperience, I recommend against messing with the phone. Get a battery pack for your light instead.