The answer likely is power limits. A USB2 standard port can supply up to 0.5 A at 5 VDC to a connected device, and that is barely enough to power a SMALL HDD, like many of the 2½" size used in laptops. The new USB3 standard ports can supply up to 0.9 A. So, two possibilities come to mind:
1. The ports on the back of your machine are more than "standard" and can supply more power than the ones on the front.
2. The rear ports are true USB3, and the front ports are USB2, and your USB3 external HDD unit actually does need the extra power available on a true USB3 port.