Ok.
Cpu:
-The higher the clock speed (Ghz, the better it will perform in single threaded applications)
-The more cores the better as long as it doesn't sacrifice the clock speed to much.
-Cache = more is better
Gpu:
-Mhz = faster card
-More cores = faster
-Better cooling = card over clocks itself = faster card
-GDDR5 more = better at higher resolutions + faster card
HDD:
-Higher Rpm the faster the drive, above 10000Rpm = more likely to fail
-Higher cache = Sometimes faster in certain applications
SSD:
-Higher read speed = Higher read speed = Faster loading of OS or applications
-Higher write speed = Faster at writing to the drive (Eg. copy files from usb drive)
-SSD's can also wear out, Although only by writing to them, Using one as a OS boot drive won't really wear it down
PSU:
-Larger efficiency the better (Eg. 90%)
-The better the certification the better the efficiency, (Eg. 80+ Gold)
-Efficiency = how much power the Psu can deliver under load, (Eg. You might have a 500w psu at 90%, Under load it would only provide 450w
-Load = when hardware such as cpu and gpu are running an intense application such as a game, Meaning they need more power
-Here is a good 850w psu:
http://pcpartpicker.com/part/evga-power-supply-220g20850xr
Memory:
-More space the better, 8gb is usually fine
-Higher clock speed doesn't affect fps in games outside of a few frames
-Lower CAS Latency the better for games, but doesn't affect fps much
-Dont get expensive memory unless you run professional grade applications like MAYA or Photoshop
-CAS Latency and clock speeds are much more useful by the applications above, and things like after effects
Cpu cooler:
-Not much to say, Figure out your price and look up reviews, Hyper 212 Evo is a good cheap one, Or the corsair H80-Corsair H100i are good albeit expensive coolers
Case:
Pick one you like that has support for lots of fans and/or radiators, I suggest the NZXT H440 or the corsair series
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