Powering up a motherboard without CPU is not going to do much. Even if the motherboard has a built-in diagnostic microcontroller, the only thing it will do is complain that there is no CPU. If it does not have that feature, then the motherboard needs a CPU since its BIOS POST runs using the CPU.
If you had a CPU, then the motherboard would stop at complaining that there is no RAM so you would need RAM to proceed any further.
Once your have RAM, you can start doing more meaningful tests like letting memtest86 runs for several hours but you still do not know if the SATA, USB, PCIE slots, etc. are working properly... and you will not be able to test those properly until the OS is installed.