A client machine requires a suitable OS that is able to join a domain (e.g. W7 Pro or better). Domains are controlled by a server that essentially controls all permissions for each machine on its network. So, when you log onto a client, you are actually logging in to the server. The server can store your settings so when you log in to any machine, you can see the same network folders, bookmarks, desktop, etc.
Many home use versions of operating systems can only be part of a workgroup or homegroup. That will allow you to share files between machines, but your settings are not stored in a central location.