If you have a spare USB flash drive which is at least 2GB, you can make a bootable flash drive with Ubuntu on it. Here's how to do that on Windows: http://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop/create-a-usb-stick-on-windows.
In order to boot from it later, you should go to your BIOS/UEFI and set up the USB flash drive as 1st booting device from the boot priority settings. After that connect the flash drive, restart your computer, and boot to Ubuntu. Then connect your problematic USB flash drive in order to see if it's recognized properly and if you can recover your files.
Let me know if you have any questions.