Your PSU puts out 3 different volatges for your computer's components. 12v, 5v, and 3.3v. Your GPU, CPU, and anything with a motor (fans, pumps, hard drives, optical drives) use the 12v rail(s). Your power supply only has a limited amount of its total output available to that voltage rail(s), which it gives you in amps. In your case, you have 2, 12v rails with a total of 40 amps between them.
To determine if a power supply has enough for a particular system, you analyze the expected power draw of all the components on their particular rails, and check to see if enough power is available. Because of inefficiencies of power supplies, misrepresented output, capacitor aging, overclocking, and many other factors we often budget 20% or more extra power just in case (so a system with a 400w peak consumption we will often buy a 500w or 550w power supply. we also tend to avoid low-quality PSUs as they may have the output, but bad voltage regulation or ripple can damage your components.
To better solve your issue, can you tell us all your components you are trying to use and the power supply you are looking at?