You are looking in the range of a Core i3 processor and a 750Ti video card with 4 or 8GB of ram.
Find the following at your local shop or newegg:
Core i3-4130
Gigabyte GA-B85M-HD3
Kingston ValueRAM 4GB (usually the cheapest)
GTX 750 TI 02G-P4-3751-KR
WD10EZEX
Seasonic G550
A cheap but good ATX case you like (~$50-80)
I think you'll have to forgo the SSD to fit under budget but if you can get one, get the MX200 120GB or the BX100 250GB depending on your needs.