Ethernet is RJ45 which has 8 wires in it, phone line uses rj11 (or also rj12) which has 4 (or 6) pairs of wires in it.
The filter separates the DSL frequency from the phone frequency on your phone line coming from the phone company.
Computer networking only works point A to point B, you can not split the cable. You have to have what is called a networking switch to provide enough logic to "split" one Ethernet cord into multiple cords (every router that has 4 ports on it has a switch built in).
A phone network on the other hand comes in as 4 (or 6) wires, and then can split it into multiple phone jacks. So the green wire in your phone jack gets the same electrical data on it to every green wire in every jack to your house.
Now sometimes DSL gives you a dedicated line as your DSL, so it is possible that the jack in the old room was wired specifically for the DSL connection.