Pavel,
If the system suffered damage, then the cause of it would be to do with the current PSU you have.
It is either faulty, or a very cheap unbranded chinese power supply unit.
Cheap power supplies come with very little voltage protection circuits such as overvoltage protection.
where if the power supply becomes faulty it can can send large voltages through your motherboard and graphics card, or the cpu of the system.
It was and no doubt the cause why your motherboard and cpu were fried and any other hardware.
So you should not under any circumstances use that power supply unit.
You should replace your power supply unit, with a well known branded power supply of good quality.
Do not even attempt to use the old power supply.
Unless you want to have to buy another motherboard and cpu again.
You may cringe at the prices they charge for some power supplies, but they are priced high for the reason of reliability and the amount of protection circuits built into them to stop damage to other components of your system if any slight fault develops as safety features.
And if you think about it if you bought a quality power supply unit, then it may of saved you having to buy a new motherboard and cpu in the long run Pavel.
You never skimp on a power supply unit, or opt for one priced dirt cheap that is unbranded or not known as a good quality PSU.
Or you will regret it later on when it becomes faulty taking other parts of your system with it.
As you have now seen.