Hey there, @lebreacy!
I'd recommend putting the SSD back in your laptop and check if you have configured your BIOS settings properly. A clean install is always a better idea than cloning. When you get into BIOS, make sure you have set the SATA mode for the SSD to AHCI and check the laptop manufacturer's official website for any updates on the SATA controller, chipset drivers or the BIOS version and make sure you have the latest ones installed from there.
Unfortunately, you won't be able to copy/paste the OS from another system. Even if you clone another computer's OS, you won't be able to boot it into your laptop due to the fact that Windows operating systems are tied to the motherboard. Since you have a brand new Windows installation already, you will save yourself a lot of troubles if you perform the clean installation.
Give these steps a try and let me know how it goes.
SuperSoph_WD