'Designed' was probably a poor choice of words given context, but fundamentally, you just agreed with it.
They don't reduce the clock speed etc simply to call it a 'mobile' CPU, it's to offset the additional heat aspect that a laptop struggles to handle. Thermal throttling also kicks in too, meaning ~90'C (for arguments sake) isn't actually any more feasible in a laptop than a desktop.
Same physical chip, arguably. Given there are different sockets for mobile CPUs, there certainly is a difference in 'design'.
The temp level before throttling is relaxed a little on mobile CPUs, to allow them to sustain their 'boost' clock speed for a decent duration, otherwise it's a fairly pointless feature. Laptops are not expected to be able to run 100% CPU utilization at their top clock speed for any significant duration vs a desktop where temperature should be appropriate to run a stress test on the CPU for 12+ hours & not reach 'dangerous' temps, or throttling.
Another consideration is that laptops (generally) are not viewed with the same longevity as a desktop - from a manufacturing standpoint, they have a limited shelflife.
A laptop CPU can run at 90'C+ for a couple of years, and if it were to die, nobody gives it much of a second thought.
The same thing cannot be said for a desktop though, where they should still be capable of running (assuming no other issues) for many years. Running at a sustained 'dangerous' temp for extended periods of time way well impact it's longevity.