The fastest chip you could get would be either the Core 2 Quad Q9770/Xeon X3380/X5460 (3.16 GHz FSB 333, 9.5x Multiplier), X5470 (3.33 GHz, 400 FSB, 10x multiplier) or X5492 (3.4 GHz, 400 FSB, 8.5x Multiplier)
The Core 2 Quad Extreme QX9770 sits at 3.2 GHz, 400 FSB, 8x Multiplier.
Besides the X5460 they are all pretty expensive. That goes for the Core 2 Quad 9650 (3 GHz, FSB 333, 9x Multiplier) and Q9550 (2.83 GHz, FSB 333, 8.5x Multiplier)
I would vote against the QX9770 for the expenses and the pther 400 FSB chips because of the 400 MHz FSB.
Note that with the exception of the QX9770 all of them are "locked" in the means of a fixed multiplier. But since they rely on a rather flexible FSB instead of a modern base clock, that is usually not much of an issue.
So your best bet would be the X5460 and a LGA771 to 775 mod
(got one myself earlier this year for 40€ including shipping and everything needed for the mod. It is currently running at 4.1 GHz and scores 450 points in Cinebench R15 multithreaded (116 singlethreaded) and 1,832 in single threaded PassMark 8 (6,265 multithreaded) This is where modern 2.8-3.0 GHz Skylake chips are sitting.)
Since this are all synthetic benchmarks and I wanted to see real world results I've actually done some gaming tests and it delivers 55,6 avg FPF in the included benchmark in Tomb Raider (2913) on high setting with a R7 250X and 40,6 FPS on the ultra preset.
Even for a Q9650 I see prices of atleast 70-80€, of course that might be different in other countries.
You see Core 2 Quad CPUs aren't that bad even today if you can get one cheap and are able to overclock it decently. Then they reach deep into modern i3 territory and are able to scratch at recent Core i5's.
But of course it takes more work (overclocking, looking for parts) and might be more troublesome until you have them stable at these clock speeds. And don't even talk about the power draw of a chip with a 30% OC that has already a TDP of 95-120W.