I would bet the problem is power.
That Transcend unit is sold as a USB3 device. The new USB3 specs included more power at the port - specifically, a USB3 port can provide to a connected device up to 0.9 amps, whereas the older USB2 system was limited to 0.5 amps. Now, VERY few "laptop drives" ever could work on a single USB2 port. Most of them came with a special cable that had TWO USB connectors on one end, and you had to plug both of them into computer USB2 ports to get enough power to run them. The New USB3 system eliminates that problem. So they come with USB3 cables with only ONE plug on the computer end. BUT when you plug that into a USB2 port, the drive cannot get enough power to run. What you describe is typical. It appears to start up and tries, but it gets so many errors trying to read data that it gives up and sends odd error messages. But be thankful that happened! In a few cases such a drive has appeared to work enough that people wrote new files to them, and those new files were written badly, causing corruption for the entire disk! That has not happened to you because it failed before you could try.
There are two things you can try to verify my suspicion. First, check the specs of your laptop - I bet it has only USB2 ports on it. Second, try that Transcend unit back on your desktop computer with its USB3 ports, and I expect it will work just fine.
I know of two possible ways to use that Transcend laptop drive with a machine that has only USB2 ports.
1. Get one of those older odd special cables with two USB2 connectors on one end, and use that to connect the drive to TWO laptop USB2 ports. That may get it working.
2. Buy a powered USB3 Hub. That is, a Hub specifically for USB3 systems that comes with its own "power brick" that plugs into the wall, and gives the Hub all the power it needs to provide that full output to all its ports. A Hub with NO included "power brick" will not do the job. In choosing the Hub system, the power ratings can be a bit confusing. The output at each port is 5 VDC at 0.9 amps max, which works out to 4.5 Watts PER PORT. The confusion is that many of them come with a power brick that outputs 12 VDC, and the Hub changes that. So the input from the brick is best rated in terms of WATTS, and you should have at least 4.5 W (preferably, 5) PER PORT. So, for example, a USB3 Hub that comes with 4 ports should have a power brick included that can supply at least 20 Watts. While you're at it, get a decent USB3 cable for the connection between the Hub and any computer. Now, you connect your Hub to power via its brick, and connect the USB3 laptop drive to the Hub using the USB3 cable that came with the drive. Then you connect the Hub to any computer's USB port using your new cable. This way the drive receives all the power it needs from the Hub's power brick and is not limited by the computer's port power. The speed of the data transfer between the computer and the laptop drive will depend on the computer's USB port. If it is the new USB3 port, the speed will be the new faster speed. If it is an older USB2 port, the data transfer rate will be the older slower USB2 speeds, but it WILL work. I know, because I have done this with a Transcend unit with exactly this "problem".
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