Go into BIOS and reset everything to factory defaults, see if it makes any difference, if not, its ok, keep it at defaults for now until the issue is solved.
Power down your PC completely and open it, unplug and remove all the RAM. Use a flashlight and check your slots for any bent, broken or absent pins and dust off the ports.
Plug in just one RAM stick, power up and go into BIOS, see if you get your 8GB. Repeat this for every RAM stick individually. If one of them is bad it should show this way. You can likewise check all your slots on the mobo, plug in just a single 8GB or 16GB stick into a single slot, power it up, see if it shows in bios. Repeat this for every slot, this will tell you if you have a bad slot.
Out of the case, match the RAM pairs if you have 4x8GB, if you have a 2x16GB then don't need to worry about it, this is important. Check your mobo manual to find which exact slots are paired.
Now plug in 1 pair of RAM into 1 pair of slots, boot into BIOS, see if you get 16 GB, if you don't, then switch the RAM sticks in the same slot, boot into BIOS and check. if you do, then repeat this with the next pair. This is assuming that you do the previous tests and test all your mobo slots and ram sticks, cause naturally it will fail if one of those is bad.
Take just a single pair of the RAM, so just 2 sticks, but make sure they are the paired ones, do not mix them up, if you are using 4x8, and plug it into 2 of the paired slots in the mobo. Power up, go into BIOS, see if you have 16 GB. If you do not have 16 GB, then plug it into the other paired slots on the mobo, check BIOS, see if you have 16 GB. If you do not get 16 GB in either slot pair, then repeat this using the other pair of RAM.
The above will test out your RAM, ram slots and make sure they're in correct order.
Note here that you need to make sure yor RAM is properly seated, and that little plastic latch should fit nicely and perfectly into the slot in the RAM, if it doesn't and you feel it takes too much force, or the RAM can be tilted or moved before latching in place, then there is something wrong and it won't work.
You may have corrupted BIOS. Its a long shot and unlikely, but it does happen. On this board you should have a built-in feature / utility that lets you back up and restore your BIOS via USB. Get a USB drive and format it (I forgot which format though, FAT 32 or NTFS). Then follow the instructions in the manual. Back up your BIOS into the USB. Then download latest BIOS from Asus and flash it. Asus has released some very recent BIOS updates which solve a multitude of issues.
Check the speed rating of the RAM you bought with the RAM compatibility documentation on Asus website, under support, then go to the page for your mobo, then documentation / manuals. You will find it there. Some of the latest high speed RAM 3600, 3800, 4000, 4200 has been well known to simply not play nice with many boards. Corsair dominator should be OK, but if you have one of the newest and fastest ones, there may be issues. Those BTW may be solved via BIOS updates, though sometimes aren't.
I wouldn't worry about windows not recognizing the amount of RAM, if your BIOS isn't recognizing it, then neither will windows.
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