If you really want to upgrade that system, you're going to have to take it slow, because most of the significant upgrades are going to stress your budget quite severely.
However, the biggest thing is that you don't have a working GPU, so that's the absolute minimum you need to do to make your system usable again. With that in mind, you could easily add in an RX 460 or (preferably) a GTX 1050. They're fairly inexpensive, & unless you have a really low-rated PSU they should be fine without a PSU upgrade. Plus, I'm guessing your monitor is somewhere between 720p & 1600x900 in its resolution, so you don't need a powerful GPU (especially for the games you mentioned). If you really need more graphics power, then I would consider the RX 470; depending on your actual PSU, you might be OK without an upgrade, but you might want to consider getting a better 450-550W PSU if you can afford it now.
RAM-wise, it really depends on your version of Windows. If it's 32-bit, you're already at the maximum RAM you can run. If it's 64-bit, you can go all the way up to 16GB (4GB per slot), but you're going to have problems finding those kits in your budget. You might be able to swing the RAM upgrade if you can get by with just a GPU replacement, but forget about it coming in under budget if you have to get a new PSU.
CPU-wise, again, your games aren't going to be that stressful, so you're probably OK for now, but you can start saving up for it if you want. The question is going to be which type of Phenom II you currently have. Your particular board (http://www.gigabyte.com/products/product-page.aspx?pid=3302#sp) can handle Socket AM2, AM2+, & AM3 chips. Of those, the Phenom II X4 920 & 940 were available as Socket AM2+ chips, but you can go all the way up to a Phenom II X6 1100T on that board (http://www.gigabyte.com/support-downloads/cpu-support-popup.aspx?pid=3302). Note that the X6 1090T/1100T, or the X4 975/980 chips, will be more than OK for the games you mentioned, but will also bump you up 2 spots so that you're right up with the 6-core FX chips or a Haswell core i3, right behind the 8-core FX chips & the Sandy Bridge/Ivy Bridge core i5s (http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/cpu-hierarchy,4312.html). However, assuming you can find those chips, you won't be able to get them now with your current budget.