intels should basicly shutdown at there overheat temperture, it differs with cpu fam tho, and blackedits usualy have such features disabled.
even in full load 80 is crazy high for a evo, but im not amazed.. read-on.
the save operating temperture for a 7600k is 71 celcuis
there plenty of people using it overclocked at 80 celcuis
and the cutoff should happen at 100 celcuis,
with a evo you should be around 45-60 celcuis
damage a normal intel cpu at normal voltage is rare as it normaly would shutdown at that temperture, reducing its lifespan with such a move is a diffrent story. in the bigger picture. the thing that kills cpu's is heat, heat is produced usualy by voltage, and then other things go first like your memory 9 of 10 times if you play with voltage.
but a evo 212 is enough metal to not even go towards 80.. even if the fan broke!
theres alot of issues with installing this block of allumium, wont fit right, wont contact right, people forgot to remove that plastic cover off the goo.. generaly pain in the rear to mount right, case of amd it even gets more complicated. took me a day to get mine in proper that it would actualy work.
go check if that cooler is making proper contact, and you prolly want to check how you should assemble it for what socket.. parts go in a specific way per socket. that clamp in piticular is a pain.
also your VID might just be on the highside. this can have number of reasons ranging from defective/overloaded PSU to turbo/powersave settings, but im putting my money on the evo not even making proper contact