The reason exporting to a separate drive can be faster is that while the first drive is performing its read operations, at the same time the second drive can be performing its write operations. If you were reading from and writing to the same drive the read/write heads could have to alternate, depending on the physical locations of the data. I say "can be faster" because there are some other factors, such as the connection interface between the drives. A saturated USB 3 channel (lots of devices) or even just a cheap controller could reduce speeds below single-drive levels.
Anyway, for the rest of your question if you partition your internal drive, it won't make any difference. There's no way to dictate what physical portions of the drive get assigned to each logical partition. So the data could still wind up being read and then written back by the same read/write head, which offers no speed advantage.
On a separate note, I really hope you also maintain current backups of everything important to you. 8 TB is a lot of data, and Raid 0 offers no backup protection. Backups can seem too expensive, until you have a drive failure and see what data recovery services cost.