To over-simplify massively:
If you can afford an SSD, that will be the fastest option by a huge margin (but also the most expensive).
If you can afford a hybrid SSHD (a hard drive with a small SSD built in acting as a cache), get that.
If not, get a 7,200 rpm high-performance hard drive.
If you can't afford a 7,200 rpm drive, then look at standard 5,400 rpm units.
The performance measure to look at on a conventional hard drive (not an SSD) depends on what you want from it. For faster loading times of the OS and applications, the average access time, given in ms (milliseconds), is the figure to look at - lower is better. Typical figures are around 12ms for a 5,400 rpm drive and 9ms for a 7,200 rpm drive (some super-fast 15,000 rpm server drives can get below 4ms while the effective access time for even an entry-level SSD is typically a few hundredths of a millisecond). For rapid transfer/reading of large files (if you're doing audio/video editing, for example), the sustained transfer rate, normally given in MB/s is the major player. In synthetic benchmarks, the OS/application load performance is best approximated by the small-block random-access read benchmark (usually a few MB/s) and the large-file performance corresponds roughly with the streaming read performance. This is typically around 100-150 MB/s for a modern laptop drive; an SSD of the type that plugs into the same connection as a hard drive (SATA) will normally give 500-600 MB/s and be limited by the speed of the connection.