Ok first off you pretty much have two types of Protocols. SATA and NVMe. SATA is anything that is connected via a SATA Cable or is wired for SATA (M.2 has SATA wiring in the same socket). NVMe though requires PCIe Express lanes. Now any SSD that runs on PCIe Lanes is a NVME. So whether it is plugged directly into a PCIe Slot, a M.2 Slot or a U.2 slot (Same as a M.2 for the most part but is used to connect a cable to a 2.5/3.5 inch PCIe SSD vs a stick like SSD that you screw in)
Optane is just a new type of SSD but still require PCIe lanes.
Now will you see any real world difference between a SSD, NVMe, and Optane? No. Honestly for day to day stuff you could plug a SSD into a 1.5Gbps SATA Gen 1 slot and STILL not see a difference with everyday things as it maxes out at 150MBps and most regular hard drives run 80-130MBps. Only if you were coping big files, working with RAW files, a SQL Database that maybe has thousands of people on it, etc would you see a difference.
The difference Optane brings to the table is that it could be used as RAM and you can have instant on and off as when the power gets turned off the RAM doesn't lose all its memory but it still isn't as far as normal RAM though. The RAM version i think is still in development.
But yea honestly for everyday use just stick with the cheaper SATA SSD. To use NVMe SSD's you really want to use windows 10 and install from scratch (Otherwords no cloning from you current SATA SSD to NVMe SSD)