The motherboard diagnostic will generate a single beep at the PC startup. That will indicate that the motherboard passed the POST (Power On Self Test). If it doesn't pass the test, it will generate a beep code to identify why it failed. The beep code will vary depending upon the maker of the BIOS. AMI is a well known BIOS.
Here is a webpage that covers the various beep codes sorted by the BIOS.
http://www.bioscentral.com/beepcodes/amibeep.htm
For example you said that the CPU was maybe faulty. The AMI beep code for that is five short beeps.
That’s the problem the speaker didn’t even beep
Your stated motherboard's webpage.
https://www.asus.com/us/Motherboards/ROG-STRIX-H270F-GAMING/
Your BIOS
128 Mb Flash ROM, UEFI AMI BIOS, PnP, WfM2.0, SM BIOS 3.0, ACPI 6.0, Multi-language BIOS, ASUS EZ Flash 3, CrashFree BIOS 3, F11 EZ Tuning Wizard, F6 Qfan Control, F3 My Favorites, Last Modified log, F12 PrintScreen, and ASUS DRAM SPD (Serial Presence Detect) memory information.
Note: I don't know anything about the "old" motherboard that you mentioned.