Well that depends on where you live and which way you changed it...
If you live in Europe where 230v is the standard and switched it to 115v then usually it's no big deal.
If you live in North America and switched it from 115v to 230v then you are probably screwed...
First, it isn't good to switch a power supply to the incorrect setting ........... especially while the computer is running!
However, didn't you word you comments backwards?
1- A power supply is always a power supply and
never a transformer
2- The 115/230 VAC setting on the rear of a power supply is there only for the purpose of setting the unit to the correct INPUT voltage. The power supply has neither the ability to step up or step down voltage.
3- Using the correct setting only ensures the correct circuitry is utilized.
4- If the PSU INPUT voltage setting is set at 230VAC and the actual INPUT voltage feeding the unit is 115VAC, then the PC is actually being "starved" of the proper voltage. (A US scenario)
5- If the PSU INPUT voltage setting is set at 115VAC and the actual INPUT voltage feeding the unit is 230VAC, then the PC is actually being "over-supplied" .............. which would be detrimental to the PSU and PC (A European scenario)
Was his PC damaged from switching from 115 VAC to 230 VAC? Since the unit was up and running and then the PSU was switched, I would say this is possible. If the PSU was switched from 115 VAC to 230 VAC BEFORE the PC was powered up, then I would think is unlikely the PC would be damaged. I say this because I do not believe the PSU would even be able to function ............... not enough voltage.
Any thoughts?