For an IDE device, set the device to Master, connect the adapter to the drive, plug it into a USB port, supply the drive with power. and the PC should be able to see it; it probably won't show in the BIOS unless the BIOS lists USB storage devices (never seen one that does); to boot from it, change the boot order in the BIOS to boot from USB first (if the BIOS supports it, not all do).
If you have an OS (Windows) already installed on the HD, it might/might not boot because it is now booting from a USB device rather than an IDE device and requires different drivers (running a Windows repair with the original install CD might fix it, never tried on a USB device).
Installing an OS onto the drive will depend on what OS but generally (for Windows) will require a third party tool as Windows won't install directly onto a USB device.