zarbo :
I have a desktop with the following features: ...
• Case: Thermaltake V9
• Psu: Thermaltake 650Watt
• HDDs: WD 1TB 64MB cache 10,000RPM, G.Skill 128GB SSD
• Mobo: Gigabyte-UD3R
• CPU: Intel i7 930 2.8GHz (OC > 3.6GHz)
• Memory: G.Skill 3 x 2GB 1300MHz
• GPU: ATI Radeon HD 4890
• Networking: ASUS Wireless PCI
• Cooling: Corsair H50 WaterCooler
And i have a laptop (G51JX-3D).
Oh. The computer is not the laptop. OK.
A cable from power supply (charger) to laptop is a low voltage wire. That DC voltage output by the supply would be listed on the supply. Maybe 18 volts?
A surge is a very high voltage. Shorting something never creates a surge. Shorting causes near zero voltage.
Now the laptop has two power sources. Battery or its AC power supply. If the power supply is shorted, the laptop should still work from battery.
Meanwhile, even a shorted power supply must not be damaged. That applies to the laptop power supply (charger) and the Thermaltake. And would never affect anything else via AC mains. No laptop DC voltage failure should be seen on AC mains or affect the desktop.
With the desktop, you have two choices. One is to keep replacing good parts until something works. Other is to first see the failure before removing, changing, replacing, or disconnecting anything. The desktops power supply and CPU are both controlled by a power controller. That and its related inputs can be defined in but a minute using a multimeter. A tool sold in most any store that sells hammers including Wal-Mart, Kmart, and Lowes. Typically costs less than a good hammer.
Using its 20 VDC settings, measure voltage on each wire that connects the supply to motherboard. Simply push the probe into a nylon connector and record voltage numbers.
For example, with the system off and connected to a wall receptacle, touch the purple wire. That should measure somewhere around 5 volts. Report that number in 3 digits.
Do same for the green and gray wires both before and as the power switch is pressed. Reporting these numbers and reactions means a suspect is quickly identified. And you learn how a computer actually works.
And finally, measure any one red, orange, and yellow wires as the power switch is pressed. Which of these try to rise? Which ones do not?
From those three digit numbers, the next reply will identify specific failed parts or eliminate almost all but a few suspects. That should explain why you have a failure and what needs to be replaced. A failure that has no relationship to laptop DC voltages.