Ok. I'm not fond of this build, but it will do:
Intel Core i3-2100 Sandy Bridge 3.1GHz LGA 1155 65W Dual-Core Desktop Processor BX80623I32100
Model #:BX80623I32100
Item #:N82E16819115078
$124.99 $124.99
I've seen the benchmarks, but I would rather have real cores than hyperthreading.
ASRock H61DE/S3 LGA 1155 Intel H61 HDMI SATA 6Gb/s ATX Intel Motherboard
Model #:H61DE/S3
Item #:N82E16813157254
$74.99 -$7.00 Instant $67.99
Not the cheapest one. This has SATA 6Gb/s, and four RAM slots. For a few dollars more, you can get USB 3.0 too.
XFX HD-679X-ZRFC Radeon HD 6790 1GB 256-bit GDDR5 PCI Express 2.1 x16 HDCP Ready CrossFireX Support Video Card
Model #:HD-679X-ZRFC
Item #:N82E16814150564
Mail in Rebate
$129.99 $129.99
There's a $20 rebate on this card.
Xigmatek ASGARD II B/B CPC-T45UC-U01 Black / Black 0.8 mm SECC / Aluminum and Aluminum Mesh Bezel ATX Mid Tower Computer ...
Model #:CPC-T45UC-U01
Item #:N82E16811815004
$39.99 -$10.00 Instant $29.99
Appears to be a decent budget case, or go with a Rosewill; they look very similar. Check for free shipping on the case when you're ready to buy, because that could be another $10-$15 right there.
XIGMATEK NRP-PC Series ACXTNRP-PC402 400W ATX12V Ver.2.3 80 PLUS BRONZE Certified Active PFC Power Supply
Model #:ACXTNRP-PC402
Item #:N82E16817815007
$59.95 -$25.00 Instant $34.95
This one has had a decent review, but I'd be more comfortable myself with a more "comfortable" brand here, like Antec or Corsair. Still, this PSU will handle this build.
G.SKILL NS 4GB (2 x 2GB) 240-Pin DDR3 SDRAM DDR3 1333 (PC3 10600) Desktop Memory Model F3-10600CL9D-4GBNS
Model #:F3-10600CL9D-4GBNS
Item #:N82E16820231394
$25.99 $25.99
I've never had any trouble from G.Skill RAM; no DOAs and no RMAs.
Seagate Barracuda ST500DM002 500GB 7200 RPM SATA 6.0Gb/s 3.5" Internal Hard Drive -Bare Drive
Model #:ST500DM002
Item #:N82E16822148767
$39.99 $39.99
There's a tiny bit of wiggle room, which may let you fit a bigger drive, but I'd question whether you need it now, or could add a second drive later (which could also back up this one).
SAMSUNG CD/DVD Burner Black SATA Model SH-222AB - OEM
Model #:SH-222AB
Item #:N82E16827151233
$19.99 $19.99
One optical drive is much like another.
Subtotal: $473.88
Shipping may break the $500 mark, but there was a rebate in there, so maybe not. If you insist on Intel, this is how you could do it.