I do not see an easy way to fix the laptop it self(would have to do some soldering and even then, not sure how easy to get the exact part it will be), but the little black plastic should be removable from the phone charge cable with a pair of small pliers or similar. Failing that, a small flat screw driver will let your pry side(so the short sides not from the front and back) to side to get it out.
The usb port on the computer will most likely work still, but without a good solid connection(I have seem people with this issue on laptops after hitting a flash drive or mouse plug and the port still works, without as much pressure on the contacts).