This error is caused by a corrupt NTFS file structure, this can be caused by faulty memory so you should do a memory test. Rum memtest86 for at least three passes preferably more to test the memory. Also try running as the administrator in the command prompt "SFC /scannow" any error here would also imply that you have memory errors.
Why can't you run CHKDSK /F ? Try in explorer right clicking on the C: drive select properties and then select tools then click on "check now" tick fix errors box and start the test. If the test cannot be completed then chose to run the test at next start up.