Use FutureMark's 3dmark series, DoomIII Timedemo, etc. to check. Just run it and see if you can notice any visual problems (they'll be obvious).
Don't be too concerned about damage - you'll start noticing corruption WAAAAY before you start doing any physical damage, providing you stick to the 'golden rule' of only increasing things by a small amount at a time (5 - 10Mhz).
Both Overheating and simply pushing the card too far will give visual problems, but overheating ones might take a little while to manifest themselves, and should get worse the longer you leave it running (obviously).
Unfortunately, you can't check it without actually watching the screen though - no programs pick these things up (AFAIK)
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