If the new mobo is identical to the old, it is possible. Otherwise it most likely is not. However, there is no harm trying. If windows crash during boot, it has problably loaded some drivers that the new mobo doesnt like, no harm done. You can try a windows repair as suggested, but I dont think that is enough. If your system crashes during boot you probably need to do a fresh install.
As for the existing data on the drive, you can install windows on top of the old one (Dont choose new install or format). In that case, everything outside the 'Windows' and 'program files' folders is not touched, and all third party items in these folders are left intact. So your work data is safe.
The new windows install is able to inherit most of the registry settings from the old install, so you probably dont even need to reinstall all your apps.
However, once you get the system up and running you should back up all your work in case that any apps reinstall overwrites or deletes something.