Spotting any kind of discount on storage as of late has been a bit of a monumental task, as the prices of HDDs and SSDs have only been going one way, and that's up. Seagate's 16TB Expansion Desktop External HDD is reduced to $399.99 at Newegg, a reduction of $150 from its $549.99 list price and $50 cheaper than its Prime Day price. Not only is that a bit of relief during turbulent storage times, but the price on this HDD is actually better than we saw during Prime Day earlier this month.

● Grab this external HDD deal at Newegg

The Seagate Expansion Desktop 16TB HDD is an all-in-one HDD and enclosure that offers a highly versatile plug-and-play solution for storing or backing up your precious data. Seagate ships the drive formatted to ExFAT, so it'll work with virtually any platform out of the box. Of course, you can reformat the drive to any other file system that suits your use case. This external drive has also been a popular choice for those looking to shuck the Hard Disk out of the enclosure and grab a cheaper HDD for use in a NAS or PC.

The Seagate enclosure has its own power supply, which you'll need to connect to a nearby mains socket, while using a USB 3.0 cable to connect the drive to your PC or laptop for easy drag-and-drop file transfers. Should anything happen to your drive causing it to fail, each purchase comes with Seagate's Rescue Data Recovery service included, just in case you need help to recover your data.

Shucking this drive comes with risks. There's no way to guarantee what version of Seagate HDD is inside; it might be an EXOS, or it might not. But what is guaranteed is that once you open the enclosure and start pulling drives out, your warranty becomes invalid.

If you're looking for 16TB of storage at prices cheaper than the last Prime Day, then today's Newegg deal on this Seagate Expansion Desktop HDD is one of the best storage deals currently on offer.

Whether you've had a NAS drive for a while, or you're looking at setting one up, the most important thing is making sure you have plenty of storage capacity. So, if you're looking to replace or boost your current storage drives, then this double-up deal from Newegg on 2x Western Digital WD Red Pro 10TB Hard Disk Drives for $785.98 might be helpful. The price of storage has skyrocketed over the last year due to the ongoing AI infrastructure rollout, so finding a relative deal on HDD storage has become a rare sight indeed. You can save $134 on this deal. The list price for the two drives is $919.98, with a single WD Red Plus 10TB listed for $459.99.

● Grab this HDD deal at Newegg

WD Red Pro hard drives are designed and constructed to be more reliable. These are not your average consumer drives, as they've been engineered to be more robust and cope with vibrations, small shocks, and continuous operation. With NAS drives often operating 24/7, you want reliable hard drives that are up to the task of sustained use. This two-pack of drives instantly starts you off with 20TB of storage capacity.

The benefits of going with NAS-specific WD Red Plus HDDs include the fact that they are optimized for lower power consumption and lower operating temperatures than standard HDDs, ensuring lower electricity bills and hopefully great longevity. These WD Red Plus 10TB drives come with a 3-year limited warranty, which should help you to replace this expensive drive should there be any unfortunate drive failures.

The WD Red Plus drive has a 512MB cache and is rated to operate at speeds of up to 216 MB/s with a 7200RPM speed, supporting a workload of up to 180TB/year. That's a fair amount of data for a single drive, and should give the Red Plus plenty of longevity in your NAS setup.

Seagate Technology and Toshiba are reportedly competing to acquire TDK's hard disk drive magnetic head business in a transaction valued at several billion dollars, reports Bloomberg. For Seagate, the acquisition would expand the supply of HDD heads that it also produces internally, but for Toshiba, TDK is the only way for it to get magnetic heads for its hard drives. If Seagate buys TDK's HDD heads operation, then Toshiba's HDD business will depend on supply from Seagate.

TDK is the world's only independent supplier of HDD magnetic heads and Toshiba's sole source of the components. By contrast, Seagate and Western Digital manufacture heads internally and also buy them from TDK if they need to. In recent years, TDK started to produce HDD heads for Seagate's drives that rely on heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) technology, Western Digital's products featuring energy-assisted magnetic recording (EAMR), and Toshiba's HDDs based on microwave-assisted magnetic recording (MAMR) technology, which makes it an important supplier for all hard drive manufacturers.

Yet, while Seagate and Western Digital produce magnetic heads internally, they also source them from TDK when they need additional supply to respond to increases in demand. Toshiba, by contrast, depends entirely on TDK for these components. Access to TDK's technology is particularly important for Toshiba as while the company's next-generation 30TB-class HDDs are expected to rely on MAS MAMR technology, their successors will rely on HAMR. Meanwhile, developing write and read heads for HAMR is particularly hard and time-consuming, which makes TDK a key enabler for Toshiba's HDD business both for existing products (for which the company probably has long-term supply agreements) and future generations of hard drives that only exist in the roadmap.

Toshiba reportedly approached TDK about acquiring its HDD head operation in spring 2026. Seagate subsequently entered negotiations in summer with a higher offer, according to people familiar with the discussions, Bloomberg said. The potential acquisition could be worth as much as several billion dollars.

Control of TDK's magnetic-head operation could significantly alter the competitive balance of the HDD industry. The successful bidder would control the industry's only independent head supplier, which will potentially give it greater influence over pricing and make it more difficult for competitors to rapidly increase HDD output. Both Toshiba and Seagate are therefore reportedly concerned about maintaining access to TDK heads if the rival bidder acquires the business.

For TDK, a sale would provide an opportunity to exit an historically volatile, relatively low-margin business that requires continuous investment as magnetic recording technologies advance. The company has been directing more resources toward batteries, passive components, and sensors in anticipation of increased AI-related demand from devices such as smart glasses. Selling the HDD-head business could provide additional capital to accelerate investments in these areas.

Executives from Seagate, Toshiba, and TDK reportedly met in Tokyo last week to discuss mechanisms that could preserve supplies of magnetic heads, including a possibility of creating a joint venture. The negotiations remain preliminary and could ultimately produce no transaction. While Seagate and TDK reportedly declined to comment on the Bloomberg report, Toshiba denied that any meeting took place, as well as its plans to acquire HDD heads production capability.

It should be noted that any acquisition would likely face regulatory scrutiny because of the concentrated nature of the HDD market and TDK's unique position in it. TrendForce estimates that Seagate and Western Digital each account for approximately 45% of HDD shipments in terms of bits shipped, whereas Toshiba controls around 10%.

The AIpocolypse has consumed everything in its path, including the once-affordable high-capacity HDD. Newegg has a rare deal on a high-capacity 16TB external Seagate drive, knocking $100 off the price to bring it down to $449.99. That comes out to around $0.02 per GB, which is surprisingly sensible given HDD prices right now.

• Check out this deal on Newegg

The cheapest 16TB HDD we can find new right now is the IronWolf Pro at $599, which itself is on sale for 6% off. Around this point last year, before HDD prices started soaring, you'd be able to pick up around 28TB for $500. Now, most 16TB drives are around $700, with higher-end Exos drives pushing up above $800.

If you prefer internal storage, you can remove the enclosure, extract the drive, and put it in a case. Note that doing so will void your warranty, so although it's possible, you might want to rethink that move given how expensive HDDs are right now.

As with most external drives, the actual drive inside of the enclosure varies. Seagate doesn't list the speed of the drive inside, though many external HDDs run at 5,400 RPM. User reports online have shown both Barracuda and IronWolf Pro drives inside the Expansion Desktop, so naturally, your milage will vary.

You shouldn't expect great speeds from this drive. Most 5,400 RPM drives offer sustained sequential reads and writes around 100 MB/s. Thankfully, the USB 3.0 interface offers plenty of bandwidth to keep up with the slower drive. For long-term storage, speed shouldn't be an issue.

If you install the drive internally, you can use it for games, though you should stick to older titles. A lot of modern AAA games require an SSD, and even titles with HDD fallback like Ratchet & Clank: Rift Apart struggle on slower 5,400 RPM drives.

Seagate ships the drive formatted to ExFAT, so it'll work with virtually any platform out of the box. Of course, you're free to reformat the drive to any file system you want.

At $449, the 16TB version of this drive is the one to buy. Both the 12TB and 14TB versions are more expensive at $619.99 and $660, respectively, while the 26TB version is $1,179.99.

If you're looking for more savings, check out our Best PC Hardware deals for a range of products, or dive deeper into our specialized SSD and Storage Deals, Hard Drive Deals, Gaming Monitor Deals, Graphics Card Deals, gaming chair, or CPU Deals pages.

Toshiba has spent approximately ¥60 billion ($380 million) to expand its hard drive assembly capacity in the Philippines, doubling its production capacity for nearline HDDs in fiscal 2027 compared to fiscal 2025, reports Nikkei. The capacity expansion coincides with Toshiba's plans to launch next-generation 30TB-class hard disk drives in 2027 and will prepare the company for 65TB-class HDDs by 2030 and 100TB-class drives in the future.

As part of the expansion, Toshiba has installed additional manufacturing lines at its Philippine Laguna Technopark (LTI) facility to build nearline hard drives and prepare it to produce next-generation HDDs that increase storage capacity per drive by as much as 40%. The 40% claim clearly points to the company's next-generation M12-series hard drives that rely on microwave-assisted magnetic recording (MAMR) technology, use up to 11 platters, and offer capacities of over 30TB.

Meanwhile, as the new product lines have already been installed and the first shipments from them have been made (meaning that the new production lines are at least partly qualified), the ramp of next-generation drives can start anytime.

In addition, the company plans to introduce more automation in its cleanroom operations and drive inspection, measures aimed at improving manufacturing yields amid increased output. The new automation will also reduce the requirement for additional employees by 40%.

The project represents the company's first substantial HDD manufacturing investment in around five years and comes as demand for nearline drives is skyrocketing. So far, both Seagate and Western Digital have enjoyed strong demand for 30TB and 40TB-class HDDs from the AI sector. While Toshiba is lagging with 24TB CMR and 28TB SMR hard drives, it has also sold out every single unit it has produced in recent quarters. Arguably, all three HDD makers are late to expand their production capacity.

Meanwhile, the expansion is only one step in Toshiba's longer-term HDD roadmap. The company recently reiterated plans to introduce its 40TB-class HDDs with up to 12 disks inside in 2027, so the expansion will be instrumental for the ramp of these products as well. Yet, it remains to be seen whether the company will at least formally introduce its 12-platter 40TB-class models in calendar year 2027, as next year seems to be dedicated to the ramp of the company's 30TB-class M12-series of HDDs.

The company intends to continue investing in manufacturing capabilities to begin volume production of 65TB-class HDDs around 2030, followed eventually by 100TB-class drives, according to the report. These products will address growing storage requirements in AI and other large-scale data centers. Toshiba also expects the new production lines and next-generation HDDs to help it increase its market share from around 10% today, measured by exabytes shipped, to 30% in the 'medium term,' according to the report.

If you've been shopping for storage, then you're more than well aware of the incredible prices of SSD and HDD storage options. Gone are the days of super-cheap drives, and welcome to the current economic climate where we try to eke out as many savings as possible on the expensive, yet essential hardware that we rely on for our work and hobbies. On sale at its lowest price since April of this year, you can head to Best Buy and grab an 8TB Seagate Barracuda HDD for $249.99, a saving of $30 on the $279.99 list price.

● Check out this deal at Best Buy

At this price, the drive works out to cost $31.24 per TeraByte. Yes, this is a crazy high price compared to several years ago, but that's not the current reality in which we reside. In today's storage market, it's actually a fair price per TeraByte compared to the competition. We have reviewed the 8TB Seagate Barracuda, so if you'd like to see more information on this HDD to help you in your shopping journey, then please check out our review.

The 8TB Seagate Barracuda isn't the fastest HDD out there. It's designed to be lower in price rather than offer astonishing performance; however, it's perfectly adequate in most situations as long as you're not looking for breakneck speeds. In our PCMark 10 benchmarking test, we use a wide-ranging set of real-world traces from popular applications and everyday tasks to measure the performance of our tested drives. You can see in our tables below that it isn't the fastest drive, but it does beat out some of the competition.

The Seagate Barracuda comes in a standard 3.5-inch metal chassis and is an SMR (shingled magnetic recording) drive with a 256MB cache and 5,400 RPM disk spin speed. A SATA 6Gb/s interface delivers the fastest transfer speeds available for HDDs and makes plug-and-play exceptionally easy.

If you're looking for a disk drive for use in a home server setup or media center, and want something on the cheaper side (cheaper for the current climate) then the Seagate Barracuda range is a one of the main choices available on the HDD market, however, being an SMR drive there are some drawbacks in certain operations, and Seagate only offer a shorter 2-year limited warranty with this HDD.

Storage prices are exceptionally high at the moment, with no end in sight to when the cost of a new drive will fall to the all-time lows of days gone by. If you still need to fill the drive bays of your NAS, though, there are some HDDs available that have received small discounts. Best Buy is currently hosting its 60th Anniversary sales event, with discounts across the board on various tech items, but the deal we're interested in today is on Seagate's 8TB IronWolf NAS Hard Disk Drive, which has had $167 chopped off the list price, making it now $349.99.

● Check out this deal at Best Buy

At this price, the drive works out to cost $43.74 per TeraByte, which is high compared to the price per TB of larger HDD drives, but you're looking at a lower cost per unit if you're going to purchase multiple drives for backup redundancy. 8TB may not seem the greatest size, seeing as you can get 28TB capacities, but those drives cost considerably more in the current economic climate.

The Seagate IronWolf comes in a standard 3.5-inch metal chassis and is a CMR drive with a 256MB cache and 7,200 RPM disk spin speed. A SATA 6Gb/s interface delivers the fastest transfer speeds available for HDDs and makes plug-and-play exceptionally easy. The IronWolf HDDs have some of the fastest available speeds for NAS operation and are designed for 24/7 operation in a NAS storage environment, with lower noise and vibration.

If you're looking for a disk drive for use in a home server setup or media center, and want reliable, hard-working drives, then the IronWolf range of HDDs from Seagate is perfect for the job. Designed for durability and continued 24/7 operation, the IronWolf HDD comes with a 5-year limited warranty from Seagate.

Economists Christoph Siemroth of the University of Essex and Yeomyung Park of Sungkyunkwan University have published a peer-reviewed IEEE study that re-crunches 12 years of Backblaze's public drive data, covering 443,156 hard drives and more than 1.66 million drive-years from 2013 through Q2 2025, and finds that HGST drives fail at roughly 41% of Seagate's rate when drives of matched age, capacity, form factor, and operating temperature are compared. WD comes in at about 52% of Seagate's failure rate, while Toshiba sits in last at 107%. As for the most reliable brand in the ranking? HGST, one you can't buy new after WD acquired it in 2012 and wound it down.

Backblaze's quarterly reports compare whichever drives are available at the time, and the authors argue that approach stacks old drives against young ones because each manufacturer's fleet skews to a different era. HGST led new installations in 2014, Seagate dominated from 2015 to 2020, Toshiba topped 2023, and WD topped 2024, so raw annualized figures pit aging Seagate and HGST stock against much fresher Toshiba and WD units. A further 146,943 drives, about 31% of the sample, exited the dataset without ever failing, mostly pulled during capacity upgrades.

Toshiba's monthly failure rate more than quadruples once its drives pass 60 months in service, a monolithic jump that no other manufacturer in the dataset shows at any age. Between 50 and 100 months, Toshiba units failed at five to six per 1,000 drives per month, while the other three brands generally stayed at or below 2.5. Seagate's failure rate started highest among young drives but held steady with age. Backblaze's own analysis of its dead drives previously found most failures happened before three years of service.

Each additional one-degree Celsius of average drive temperature raised failure rates by 2.1% in the models, compounding to roughly 23% across a 10 degrees Celsius increase. Each extra terabyte of capacity cut failure rates by about 3.4%, which the authors attribute partly to helium-filled enclosures and newer head-fabrication processes in higher-capacity designs.

The dataset consists of enterprise drives run in Backblaze's data centers, so the ranking may not carry over to consumer models. Backblaze doesn't record comparable workload data across manufacturers, and only 0.52% of sampled drives ran longer than a decade, so the estimates reflect short- to medium-term reliability.

The authors also suggest WD's ownership of HGST plausibly explains why the two brands sit closest together, given the potential for shared technology. Backblaze's most recent annual report, published in February, put its fleet-wide annualized failure rate for 2025 at 1.36%.

It's a sorry state of affairs in the storage component sector at the moment, with prices having doubled or more since the AI boom moved in to destroy the PC component ecosystem. Prices and deals are now relative to the current climate, not to what was available a year ago, unfortunately. Today we have a decent $50 discount off of a large 24TB HDD, which turns it into one of the best value drives of this size currently available. Seagate's Barracuda Compute 24TB HDD is reduced to $699.99 when you use code BTSF2883 at checkout. That works out to $29.16 per Terabyte, or $0.02 per Gigabyte. In years gone by, we have seen this drive a lot cheaper in sales such as Black Friday, before the extreme compute price inflation took effect. But if you're hunting for a large HDD, then this is one of the best deals you're currently going to find.

● Check out this deal at Newegg

The Seagate BarraCuda comes in a standard 3.5-inch metal chassis and is a CMR drive with a 512MB cache and 7,200 RPM disk spin speed. A SATA 6Gb/s interface delivers up to 190 MB/s transfer speeds, some of the fastest available speeds for this kind of storage, and is the standard for most PC and NAS setups. Its large capacity means you can store reams of data, including pictures and video files.

The massive 24TB capacity of this drive is perfect for someone looking for a large storage drive for a media center or for a big backup drive in a PC. Although the Seagate Barracuda Compute is fast for an HDD, it's not fast enough for modern gaming; you definitely want an SSD for that. But for storing movies, videos, and other media, this drive is perfect.

Seagate is on track to start qualification of its hard disk drives featuring 50TB-class capacities in late calendar 2027, with shipments to follow in 2028, the company announced this week. Demand for HDDs is so strong because of the rise of AI and continued strength of the cloud computing business that most drives are sold out through 2028 and negotiations about allocations for 2029 are ongoing.

"Mozaic 5, our 5+ terabyte per disk platform, remains on track for qualification shipments in late calendar 2027," said Dave Mosley, chief executive officer of Seagate, during the company's earnings call with financial analysts and investors.

Mozaic 5 is the company's 3^rd generation platform for commercial hard drives based on Seagate's heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) technology that succeeds Mozaic 3 and Mozaic 4. The Mozaic 5 platform enables the company to build platters with over 5TB capacity and consequently build 10-platter HDDs with over 50TB capacity featuring conventional magnetic recording (CMR) for clients seeking performance and versatility or shingled magnetic recording (SMR) for clients that need maximum capacity to maximize their storage density.

If Seagate preps to initiate 'qualification shipments' of its 50TB-class hard drives in late calendar 2027, then it means that by the time the HDDs have passed all the manufacturer's internal validations, including reliability and durability of heads and media, shock and vibration tests, and longevity tests among many others. It typically takes server OEMs about two to six months to qualify new HDDs for their offerings, whereas hyperscale cloud service providers usually qualify them for six to 12 months. In any case, it is safe to say that Seagate is on track to ship 50TB-class hard drives in calendar 2028 with significant volume ramp in 2029.

These 50TB-class HDDs will come to market just in time to meet exabyte demand from the AI and cloud sectors. Most of Seagate's nearline HDDs have been allocated for 2027 and 2029 under long-term supply agreements (LTAs), with some customers looking to secure supply in 2029.

"Based on the long-term supply agreements in place today, the vast majority of our nearline exabytes are now allocated into calendar 2028," Mosley said. "[…] As our strategic relationships deepen, many are actively seeking to extend planning horizons through 2029 and beyond, which we believe reflects growing confidence in their own long-term infrastructure needs."

Seagate's LTAs not only define exabytes, but also product configuration and prices. As it turns out, both are set for the 'entirety of calendar 2027.' Meanwhile, Seagate is flexible on pricing of drives that are not covered by LTAs as well as newly signed LTAs, so the company is implying price increases, following makers of 3D NAND and SSDs.

"We continue to execute our value-based pricing strategy, balancing a stronger demand environment with our objective of supporting sustainable, profitable growth over the long term," Mosley said.

"Our volume was a little bit higher in fiscal Q4," said Gianluca Romano, chief financial officer of Seagate, during the call. "We think can be maybe a little bit of output available in fiscal Q1. Of course, we are pricing that increased output at a very good price right now."

The key advantage of Seagate's high-capacity drives based on the company's Mozaic platforms is, of course, its HAMR technology, which is gradually increasing its share within the company's nearline HDD shipments. HAMR-based products accounted for a 40% exabyte share of Seagate's nearline HDDs as of early July and are on track to account for 70% of the company's nearline exabytes shipments by early July 2027. Moreover, nearly half of Seagate's nearline capacity will rely on its 40TB-class HDDs featuring its Mozaic 4 platform.

"We expect to achieve our next ramp milestone by exiting calendar 2026 with 50% of our HAMR exabytes on our Mozaic 4 platform," Mosley said.

For the fourth quarter of its fiscal 2026 ended on July 3, Seagate earned $3.629 billion, up from $2.444 billion it earned in the same quarter a year ago. The company's gross margin totaled 52.3%, up from 37.4% in Q4 FY2025, and its net income reached $1.294 billion. The company's FY2026 revenue was $12.195 billion, up from $9.097 billion in the prior year. The net income increased more than twice year-over-year to $3.184 billion, with gross margin reaching 45.6%.

A class-action lawsuit was filed against nearly every major hard drive suspension assembly maker, alleging that said companies' price-fixing efforts resulted in higher drive prices for resellers and end users. Should the lawsuit succeed, U.S. resellers and end users who purchased hard drives or computers including them could be eligible for monetary compensation. This suit is a stateside counterpart to the 2019 Canadian class action covering the same matter.

The documents were filed in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California and name two groups of defendants, one related to TDK Corporation and the other to NHK Spring. The assemblies produced by these firms are reportedly found in 97% of worldwide HDDs, so it's reasonable enough to assume drives from all major HDD brands are covered by this lawsuit — to wit, Seagate, Western Digital, and Toshiba.

There is no court date set, and the press release specifically mentions that there's no guarantee that the lawsuit will succeed. However, the case is a direct continuation of a 2019 antitrust lawsuit against the same suspension makers. Over in the northern lands, the Canadian courts have already certified the class action and rejected an appeal against it in 2022. While these facts don't guarantee a payout on either country, they're positive indicators nonetheless.

Suspension assemblies are one of the critical components in a hard drive, as they move the read-write head (the tip of the "needle" you see in hard drive internals), and must be spectacularly precise in both manufacturing and functionality, especially considering the magnetic density of contemporary hard drive platters. It's rather mesmerizing to watch them at work.

The price-fixing scheme allegedly ran from January 2003 to December 31, 2016, raising hard drive manufacturing prices, which were then passed on to customers. As with most class-action lawsuits, end users have the option to drop from the class action and pursue separate legal action against the suspension makers, or stay in it and hope for a cheque at the end of the proceedings. There's a dedicated website for anyone who wants to opt out, an action that can be taken until August 23, 2026.

Seagate, Toshiba, and Western Digital are the only remaining manufacturers of hard disk drives. They not only continue to produce these storage devices but are also actively advancing them as demand for HDDs rises again. While hard drives from these companies share many similarities, each relies on a different set of underlying technologies — distinct recording methods, actuator designs, platter materials, and magnetic alloys, among others — resulting in markedly different roadmaps. In this story, we examine these roadmaps and attempt to make sense of them.

The state of the HDD market

The amount of data that the world generates is higher than ever now that not only people, but also machines generate well over 400 million terabytes of data every single day, according to estimates made in 2024. Most of that data ends up in data centers, so Gartner predicts that data center storage capacity requirements will increase at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 19.5% between 2024 and 2029 and will eventually reach 3.19 zettabytes (3.19 million PB, 3.19 billion TB). While a significant portion of that data will be stored on 3D NAND-based solid-state drives, the lion's share will reside on hard disk drives, as HDDs can still offer lower per-TB cost than even the cheapest NAND memory.

Hard drives have been around for nearly 70 years, and over 220 companies have produced HDDs since they were introduced in 1956. In 2026, only three hard drive manufacturers — Seagate, Toshiba, and Western Digital — remain on the market, and their supply chains are largely integrated or consolidated, meaning that the industry has largely shrunk from where it used to be a decade ago. Nonetheless, the combination of per-TB cost, storage density, and storage performance that HDDs offer makes them competitive enough, particularly in AI and traditional data centers, which need to store plenty of data that must be accessed relatively quickly and therefore placed 'near online', or nearline.

In fact, over 60% of hard drives shipped today are nearline HDDs, according to Nidec, the world's largest supplier of HDD motors. The remaining circa 40% are consumer and enterprise NAS hard drives, video surveillance HDDs, desktop HDDs (a declining category), external drives, laptop drives (an almost extinct category), and legacy high-performance enterprise HDDs (Toshiba only).

Nidec estimates that 119 million HDDs were shipped in its FY2023 (ending on March 31, 2024), and 125 million hard drives were shipped in its FY2024 (ending March 31, 2025), an indication that unit sales of mechanical storage devices are stable and are growing due to demand from AI and traditional data centers.

Unit sales of HDDs increased in calendar 2025 compared to calendar 2024, according to reports from Hoya (the only maker of glass substrates for HDD platters) and Resonac (the largest independent supplier of HDD platters), though exact numbers are unknown.

"While 2.5-inch substrates declined as forecasted, 3.5-inch substrates achieved double-digit growth, resulting in overall steady performance," said Eiichiro Ikeda, chief executive of Hoya. "Current demand is exceptionally strong and is expected to increase further. Preparations to enhance our supply capacity are also underway."

The road to 100TB and beyond

All HDD makers have adopted energy-assisted magnetic recording (EAMR) technologies, though everyone uses different methods. Seagate is ahead of the pack with its HAMR-based 44TB drive, which is shipping to two leading cloud service providers (CSPs), whereas Toshiba and WD are trailing the leader with their FC-MAMR and ePMR/ePMR2 recording technologies, as they pursue deliberately more cautious strategies.

Note: HDD makers tend to list maximum drive capacities with shingled recording. To that end, even if the table does not explicitly list SMR, presume that range-topping HDDs with leading capacity use shingled recording tech, with all of its pros and cons.

Meanwhile, both Toshiba and WD plan to transition to HAMR in the coming years, though before that, they plan to perfect their HDD platforms and push their existing recording technologies to their absolute limits. Once everyone adopts heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) technology that uses platters made of glass with granular FePt magnetic alloy, the development of their roadmaps will be more or less consistent and introduce HDDs with a circa 100TB capacity by around 2030 – 2031, though some roadmap slides are more optimistic, whereas others are more cautious.

Seagate: All-in on HAMR

All HDD makers tend to experiment with various recording technologies, platters, and heads. Just like others, Seagate has experimented with all kinds of EAMR methods, including microwave-assisted magnetic recording (MAMR), but publicly it bet everything on HAMR as the most capable one.

Before Seagate finally shipped its Mozaic 3+ Exos HDDs in Q1 2024, it spent over a decade evolving HAMR from lab demonstrations (FePt + laser writing) through prototype drives and hyperscaler trials. Starting from around 2016, the company repeatedly said 'next year' for high-volume HAMR-based HDD production, only to roll out the same statement the year after.

Between 2020 and 2023, Seagate's HAMR rollout ran into a series of well-known hiccups that repeatedly pushed back commercialization despite earlier aggressive timelines. The company had originally targeted volume shipments of 20TB HAMR drives around 2020, but persistent issues, such as near-field transducer (NFT) reliability, iron platinum (FePt) media durability under repeated heating, and manufacturing yield, slowed progress. These challenges made HAMR technically viable but difficult to produce at scale, which led to multiple delays and extended customer qualification cycles.

To solve these challenges, Seagate had to develop its 2^nd Generation HAMR platform, which it eventually named Mozaic 3+, which went into high-volume production in 2024. But now that Seagate has mastered everything that accompanies HAMR, it can introduce new capacity points, qualify them, and ramp up production of new HAMR-based HDDs fairly quickly. For example, the company is now shipping its 44TB Mozaic 4-based drives to select clients and plans to expand availability in 2027. Meanwhile, Seagate intends to start qualification shipments of 50TB HDDs featuring the next-generation Mozaic 5 platform in late 2027.

Following 50TB HDDs in 2028, 60 TB HDDs by 2029 – 2030, and plans for 80+ TB drives in 2031. With ~100TB HDDs, Seagate intends to adopt high-anisotropic ordered granular FePt (FePt L1₀ phase) magnetic alloy, which will give it a further boost to set new areal density records and ultimately produce HDDs with capacities beyond 100TB.

Toshiba: Stretching MAMR (almost) to the limit

Toshiba is the smallest of all HDD makers, so it has a very calculated strategy that is designed to address parts of the market that are not served by its rivals and to derisk everything as much as possible.

To that end, Toshiba's HDD roadmap is built around a conservative, step-by-step scaling strategy focused on flux-controlled microwave-assisted magnetic recording (FC-MAMR) with some HAMR-based HDDs due in 2026 – 2027 being test vehicles, rather than high-volume products. The company's roadmap no longer lists microwave assisted switching microwave-assisted magnetic recording (MAS-MAMR) it envisioned as an intermediate step between FC-MAMR and HAMR a few years ago.

For now, Toshiba has its M12-series 28TB FC-MAMR-based 11-platter drive with conventional magnetic recording (CMR) and is sampling shingled FC-MAMR HDDs based on the same platform with 30TB – 34 TB capacities. The new M12 hard drives rely on glass platters, but with traditional cobalt platinum (CoCrPt) magnetic alloy, which once again highlights Toshiba's step-by-step approach to adopting new technologies.

Looking forward, Toshiba's roadmap scales capacity primarily through more platters (up to 12), and continued FC-MAMR improvements targeting ~40TB drives around 2027. While the company intends to launch HAMR-based HDDs too, the 40TB capacity point will likely be limited to drives for select customers rather than true workhorses. More capacious HAMR-based HDDs are due late this decade.

In essence, Toshiba is taking a lower-risk, hybrid path: maximize MAMR and mechanical scaling first, then transition to HAMR only when necessary for the next major density jump.

Western Digital: Coexisting ePMR and HAMR

After abandoning MAMR technology in 2017 and having concentrated on energy-assisted perpendicular magnetic recording (ePMR) since then, WD expects its ePMR and ePMR 2-based hard drives to co-exist with HAMR for years to come. Furthermore, as ePMR and HAMR HDDs are very different, this means that the company isn't pursuing a dual-track, like Toshiba, but a multi-track roadmap aimed at maximizing yields and derisking all the technology transitions.

This year, the company's flagship 40TB offerings will rely on ePMR with SMR technology and feature 11 aluminum platters with cobalt platinum (CoCrPt) magnetic alloy. To squeeze in 11 aluminum disks and avoid using glass platters, WD had to squeeze the internal mechanics of the drive.

At the same time, Western Digital plans to start the transition to HAMR, with the first commercial 40TB and 44TB HAMR drives entering volume production around 2027, following hyperscaler qualification. Since WD's HAMR drives use edge-emitting lasers to briefly heat the iron-platinum (FePt) layer on the platters to its Curie point — where its magnetic characteristics shift — and temporarily lower coercivity to write the data, the HDD platters must be made of glass (or glass ceramic, though this will be used sometimes next decade), not aluminum, as it may degrade or deform over time. However, based on a comment made by the chief executive of Hoya, the only glass substrate maker for HDD platters in the world, it does not look like WD plans to use glass platters in high volumes for at least a couple of years, which in turn suggests a relatively slow production ramp.

"Starting in the latter half of FY2026 [which begins on October 1, 2026], shipments [of glass substrates] to the second customer will begin in addition to our current primary customer," said Eiichiro Ikeda, chief executive of Hoya. "We expect volume to increase substantially in FY2027 [April 1, 2027]. Equipment arrangements for FY2027, specifically for the second customer, have already been decided. Regarding volume beyond FY2028 [April 1, 2028], we are currently analyzing the situation, taking into account not only the increase from the second customer but also the movements of a potential third customer. Capital expenditures will be determined based on that schedule."

Seagate seems to be the primary producer of HDD platters based on glass substrates for its HAMR HDDs, Resonac (former Showa Denko) is catching up with its glass platters for Toshiba (and Seagate), whereas WD is the world's third maker of HDD media that is about to start using glass substrates.

WD expects to use both ePMR + SMR and HAMR technologies till at least 60TB capacity sometimes in 2028 or 2029, though it looks like proven ePMR + SMR will prevail in its shipments in the coming years. Yet, looking further out, WD's roadmap becomes aggressively HAMR-driven after 60TB: capacities are expected to scale to ~100TB in 2029 – 2030, enabled by higher areal density and drive architecture that supports up to 14 platters.

In short, Western Digital's strategy is a bridge-and-accelerate model — extend ePMR as far as possible, then rapidly scale with HAMR once the transition is justified. Beyond that, the company is targeting 140TB+ drives in the 2030s, which will require a transition to even more advanced media concepts, such as ordered granular and bit-patterned media, once HAMR on granular media reaches its limits.

Beyond capacity: High-performance and energy-efficient HDDs

In addition to increasing the capacities of their hard drives, Seagate and WD intend to increase the bandwidth and I/O performance of HDDs.

Seagate has offered its Mach.2-series hard drives with two actuators that double the per-TB IOPS performance of its drives, which is important for many clients that need to maintain their quality-of-service (QoS) specification, something that is getting increasingly hard to do amid growing storage density. Going forward, Seagate intends to increase the number of actuators, though the company expects to reveal its multi-actuator HDD roadmap in late May, when the company has an event for analysts and investors.

WD plans to split its HDD lineup into High-Performance drives (High-Bandwidth and Dual Pivot) and Power-Optimized drives, each tailored for different data center workloads. High-performance HDDs aim to increase bandwidth and/or I/O performance of a single drive with a roadmap towards 8× bandwidth and 4× I/O scaling.

Among the methods used to increase performance are using more than one head to read or write data at the same time, installing another fully independent actuator on a separate pivot that has its own set of heads, and therefore acting like another HDD. Dual-Pivot HDDs are currently in the lab and are targeted to become available in 2028.

In contrast, Power-Optimized drives target 'active cold' storage tiers, where data must remain accessible but does not require high performance. These drives reduce random I/O activity and are engineered to cut power consumption by roughly 20% to lower operating costs in large-scale deployments while offering predictable performance. Such HDDs will be positioned against 3D QLC SSDs starting in 2027. WDl expects these drives to be used to store massive datasets — such as AI logs and checkpoints — at a lower total cost of ownership.

Summary

The HDD market has shrunk from over 200 drive makers in the 1980s to just three in 2026. These three companies — Seagate, Toshiba, and Western Digital — tend to compete on capacity and performance, but they tend to do so using a completely different set of technologies, even despite the fact that they use some industry-standard components (HDD platter substrates, motors, etc.).

On the technology front, Seagate is all-in on HAMR; the company is already shipping 44TB drives and targeting 100TB-class products in the early 2030s. By contrast, Toshiba is taking a cautious, step-by-step approach, stretching MAMR and mechanical scaling before introducing HAMR later this decade. Western Digital is arguably the most cautious of the HDD makers, pursuing a multi-track strategy, which includes extending ePMR to 60TB, increasing the number of platters per drive to 14, all while gradually ramping production of HAMR-based HDDs, and targeting to launch 100TB+ drives around 2030.

Beyond capacity, both Seagate and Western Digital are also rethinking HDD performance with multi-actuator and dual-pivot designs to boost bandwidth and I/O performance to make HDD-based storage systems more competitive with SSD-powered systems. In addition, WD is also developing power-optimized drives to cut energy use for 'active cold' storage.

In general, 70 years after inception, the HDD industry is alive and kicking. Three companies are competing intensely to achieve higher storage density, higher efficiency, and predictable performance while retaining competitive per-TB cost compared to solid-state drives.

Update 5/4/2026 11:25am PT: Added comment from Temu spokesperson.

A Reddit user who gambled a mere $20 on a 4TB external HDD from Temu has revealed, to the surprise of absolutely no one, that the drive was actually a scam, showing that it contained nothing but innards of a microSD card reader with a generic memory card attached to it. According to the post on the subreddit r/pcmasterrace, they decided to risk purchasing the item off the marketplace because it only cost $20. By comparison, the 4TB variant of the WD My Passport external hard drive costs around $165. The SSD version, one of our best external SSDs, costs $719.99 on Amazon. It’s obvious that the item is fake, but since the absolute dollar value is minimal for the user, they decided to gamble on it.

"Temu requires sellers to ensure their products match their listings accurately and removes listings that do not meet platform standards. Buyers who receive items that do not match their description are eligible for a full refund under the Purchase Protection Program," a Temu spokesperson tells us.

In fact, the scam was so obvious that Temu refunded the purchase "suspiciously easily." Instead of finding a 2.5-inch SATA drive inside its plastic casing, all they found was a microSD card reader hot-glued to the back. It’s unclear if they attached it to their PC to see if it reported and delivered the claimed 4TB capacity. This is unlikely, though, because the highest capacity microSD card readily available on Amazon is only 2TB and costs at least $289.99.

Even then, some scammers tamper with the storage firmware to make it show a larger capacity than what’s available. One reliable way of finding this out is through testing software like the H2testw utility or by filling up the drive with your files, only to discover that your data has overwritten itself because of the lack of space.

Fake drives have been around for so long, but it’s proliferating even more now because the AI-driven chip shortage is causing both SSDs and HDDs to skyrocket in price. This fake drive is easy to spot, as it probably feels lighter when compared to a real hard drive, but some dupes do a good job in copying the look of the original, and you’ll only discover that it’s not what it says it is when you plug it into your PC. Even then, some knockoffs offer performance close to what you’d expect, so much so that you’d only know it’s a fake if you know what you’re looking for.

Temu is known for selling cheap knockoffs; that’s why many Reddit users do not recommend purchasing storage drives and other sensitive electronics off the website. Nevertheless, it does come through sometimes, like this user who received a free RTX 3060 GPU, although they’re yet to see if they really hit the jackpot.

External 3.5-inch-based hard drives for backup and expanded storage have been common for decades (I brought one with me to college in 2000). But they typically required large laptop-style external power bricks, were often painfully slow, and were prone to random data-eating failure (ask me how I know). Seagate’s game-focused FireCuda X Vault drive (available in 8TB and 20TB options; we tested the 8TB) attempts to mitigate some of those past frustrations using a single USB-C connection that also powers the drive.

It’s also faster than portable hard drives (like the WD My Passport I tested in 2024), delivering a little under 200 MB/s writes in our real-world 50GB file transfer test. And if data loss concerns you, the FireCuda X Vault, like most Seagate drives, ships with two years of the company’s in-house Data Recovery Service. Of course, sub-200 MB/s speeds aren’t going to compete with even mid-range SSD these days, and at roughly 7.75x 2.1 x 5.25 inches and 2.75 pounds, it’s much larger than something like Sandisk’s solid-state Desk Drive (which I also tested at 8TB). But that 8TB desk-bound SSD is currently selling for $740, while Seagate’s 8TB spinning-platter Vault has an MSRP of $269. Is the Seagate Firecuda X Vault (which, apart from its built-in RGB, doesn’t look all that different from external 3.5-inch external drives I owned in the early 2000s) a smart storage option for gamers in 2026? Let’s walk through its features, put it through our external storage testing, and find out if it deserves a spot on our list of the best external hard drives and SSDs.

Specifications

Design and features of the Seagate FireCuda X Vault

The Seagate FireCuda X Vault looks and feels a lot like any other external 3.5-inch external drive, perhaps with a bit more gamer edginess, thanks to some plastic slats designed to look like cooling fins and a wrap-around top surface with some cutouts to let the RGB shine through. The entire outer shell is plastic, save for a large foam pad on the bottom that’s there to prevent the drive sliding around on your desk (and also to hide the access screws underneath). The drive doesn't exactly scream premium storage, but it doesn’t feel or look cheap, either.

The sole port, which is USB-C, is housed on the rear center. And because this is a bus-powered drive, you’ll need to use a port (and a cable) that’s capable of delivering 15W of power. That might mean plugging the drive into the back of your PC if you’re using a desktop. And considering most modern systems don’t have more than two or three native USB-C ports, you might have to pick up a powered USB-C hub if you have other peripherals that need those ports.

The drive ships with a 0.5-meter (1.64 feet) removable USB-C-to-USB-C cable.

Software on the Seagate FireCuda X Vault

Seagate is going hard on software trials with the FireCuda X Vault. A small pamphlet in the box gives you access to a 1-month trial of Xbox Game Pass Ultimate and two months of Adobe’s Creative Cloud Pro. While these are, of course, designed to suck you into an ongoing service, it is roughly $100 worth of software access if you were to pay for it yourself.

The drive itself ships empty, save for a shortcut to an online registration page and a PDF of the drive’s warranty.

You can also grab Seagate’s Toolkit software, which provides simple but straightforward controls for backing up, mirroring folders, and granular controls of the RGB lighting on the top of the drive. I also appreciate that the drive was recognized by Windows Dynamic Lighting, which let me customize the RGB well before I downloaded Seagate’s Toolkit.

Comparison Products

We haven’t tested many external spinning-platter hard drives in recent years, save for WD’s 6TB portable hard drive (based around a much smaller 2.5-inch hard drive), which is also bus-powered but still uses the archaic USB 3 Micro-B port. But Seagate also sent along its also-new One Touch HDD (available in 8TB, 20TB, and 24TB models, for $10 less than the FireCuda X Vault and competing capacities) drive, which is a bit slimmer (and seen above, left) and also gets power and data over USB-C.

To round out our charts and see what you can get in other form factors, we’ve included Sandisk’s 8TB Desk Drive (which is almost 3x the price, but much faster). We also tossed in Samsung’s slow (for an SSD) T5 Evo drive, as well as a fast flash drive, Kingston’s 1TB DataTraveler Max.

The solid-state options are, for the most part, much faster, as well as generally a lot smaller. But thanks to AI-driven price hikes in the past several months, you’ll pay a whole lot more for 8TB of SSD storage – even though hard drives are also more expensive than they used to be. Generally, unless price really is no option these days, if you need 8TB of storage or more (especially from a single drive), you’re going to opt for a hard drive.

Trace Testing - PCMark 10 Storage Benchmark

PCMark 10 is a trace-based benchmark that uses a wide-ranging set of real-world traces from popular applications and everyday tasks to measure the performance of storage devices.

Of course, the SanDisk desktop SSD and the Kingston flash drive beat the hard drives here (and in most tests). Seagate’s FireCuda drive manages to beat out the less-than-speedy Samsung T5 portable SSD, and WD’s smaller portable hard drive. But interestingly, it’s the Seagate One Touch that tops all the hard drives on this chart.

Transfer Rates – DiskBench

We use the DiskBench storage benchmarking tool to test real-world file transfer performance with a custom 50 GB dataset. We copy 4,617 files (images, videos, and software ISO files) to a folder on the test drive (write). Then, after leaving the system idle for five minutes, we run the same test in reverse, moving the test folder to a different location on our PCIe 4.0 testing drive.

In this real-world transfer test, Seagate’s FireCuda drive takes its expected spot atop the other hard drives in our test pool. But Samsung’s T5 is faster, as are the other solid-state drives here. Still, it’s good to see the FireCuda landing around the 200 MB/s read and write range, which is about what we would expect for a performance-focused consumer hard drive here in 2026.

Synthetic Testing CrystalDiskMark

CrystalDiskMark (CDM) is a free and easy-to-run storage benchmarking tool that SSD companies commonly use to assign product performance specifications. It gives us insight into how each device handles different file sizes. We run this test at its default settings.

This sequential synthetic test is a sort of best-case test for SSDs, so you can see that those pricier-per-capacity drives are much faster here. But interestingly, we again see the Seagate FireCuda drive landing below its One Touch hard drive sibling on this test. Given the reverse was true (and there was a wider margin) in DiskBench above, it’s safe to say the FireCuda drive will be slightly faster in real-world file transfers, despite the numbers here.

Again, this synthetic small-file test sees the Seagate One Touch doing a little better than the FireCuda drive, but the two are effectively tied, especially when it comes to writes. One thing that’s clear from all these tests is that, while a smaller portable drive might be more convenient, the WD My Passport (with an internal 2.5-inch drive) is significantly slower than the newer, larger, Seagate drives (based around internal 3.5-inch drives).

Bottom Line

Seagate’s FireCuda X Vault is a bus-powered 3.5-inch drive, available in 8TB and 20TB options, aimed at gamers with some RGB lighting (which thankfully doesn’t require additional control software in Windows 11). It performs noticeably better than smaller portable hard drives we’ve tested, and is slightly faster than some other 3.5-inch alternatives.

Apart from the lighting and a trial of Xbox Game Pass Ultimate, there isn’t much particularly gaming-specific about it. But if you’re looking for a place to store your streaming footage or a massive game library, it does the job while costing a lot less than a comparative spacious SSD. Its primary downside is also its primary convenience. One USB-C cable can power the drive while providing data access. That’s great for anyone who has dealt with external drive power bricks in the past. But how many USB-C ports do you have that are capable of delivering this drive’s 15W power requirements? If you plan to keep this drive plugged in, you might also need to invest in a capable dock or USB hub with power delivery and multiple USB-C ports.

A Reddit user took to the social media platform to complain about Toshiba, which, they said, refused to honor the warranty on a 20+ TB enterprise hard drive. The documents Tom’s Hardware examined indicate that Toshiba refused the warranty replacement on the grounds of no available stock and a possible wait time of one year for a replacement 24TB model.

According to the r/DataHoarder post, the company where the user worked bought several 20+ TB hard drives a couple of months ago for their storage array. When one of the drives failed, they returned it to Toshiba, only to be told that their only option was a refund at the original purchase price. The company didn’t offer to replace the broken hard drive with a new one from their stock, meaning they’ll have to purchase a new drive at a significantly higher price today.

This is definitely a disappointment for any buyer, especially in the corporate setting, as they don’t often base their purchase decisions solely on price. Instead, they consider reliability, longevity, and the manufacturer's guarantee of support. Refunding an item at its original purchase price makes sense for the company. However, most users feel that the least a PC manufacturer can do is replace it with the same component (or a similar one if it’s no longer available), even if it’s more expensive.

“I'm guessing they saw dollar signs from the AI bubble and sold off their safety stock or are seeing an unusually high failure rate in those drives,” 615wonky said on their post. “Both reasons to stay far away.”

Other manufacturers are also taking extreme measures as the AI-driven shortage of memory and storage chips is pummeling the PC market. Another Reddit user had an issue with the Silicon Power RAM they bought, being slapped with a 15% depreciation fee for returning defective RAM sticks. This wouldn’t have mattered much if the prices of memory modules stayed flat, but the fact that a pair of 8GB DDR5 RAM sticks now costs more than $200 (compared to less than $55 for pre-shortage prices) means that the money they received from the return isn’t enough for even one 8GB DDR5 memory module.

Back in February, we had the opportunity to attend WD's (formerly Western Digital) Innovation Day 2026, where the company outlined its plans for the future. Notably, the company discusses its split from SanDisk, and it's expectations for the future, including discussion around its HAMR roadmap, in addition to its ePMR discussions, and fielding questions from analysts.

Like many of our previous event transcripts, this is almost exactly what we heard at the press-only event. As such, some elements have been lightly edited for flow and clarity. If you have not had the chance to check out other Tom's Hardware Premium transcripts, be sure to check out our coverage from CES and GTC 2026.

Ambrish Srivastava: I guess we have to go first with Amit in that case, so just a quick — we have mic runners, there's four of us, we'll start off with Amit, and then we'll queue up Aaron Rakers, right next to Amit. Ah, name and firm, please.

Amit Daryanani: Thanks a lot; Amit Daryanani, Evercore. Thanks for the presentation. The two things that stood out, and I'd love to get your perspectives on this; one is the cost-per-bit decline—if you could just talk about how you are thinking about cost-per-bit declines over the next three to five years of the roadmap. Is that different in ePMR versus HAMR? Just, if you can walk through that math a little bit.

And then, Irving, for you, it seems like you want to commit towards an ePMR and a HAMR roadmap at least through 2028; if all customers care about is 'the highest capacity', 'the most reliable at scale', why have a dual technology roadmap when it seems like HAMR is going to work out? Just walk through the dynamic given what customers are asking for. Thank you.

Irving Tan: That sounded like more than one question, in one question. [laughing] So, let me try to address the cost-down question for a second. Obviously, you know, the cost down that was delivered, dollar per teraybte, has been about ten percent over the last few quarters. Obviously we're not guiding to anything beyond that, but more importantly, what you've heard Ahmed, even as we deliver a roadmap that has both HAMR and ePMR, the common platforming that we've done to ensure that it's common mechanicals, the fact that we've internalized our own laser capability, gives us the confidence that we'll be able to maintain a very competitive cost-down trajectory going forward.

In relation to the roadmap — and I think Ahmed, it's cool for you to join in — obviously what we want is to give our customers very smooth transitions, and you've heard how risk-adverse they are to transitions given the size and scale and the importance of storage to their business. So we'll continuously work with our customers to make sure that the economics work for them, the economics work for us. The reality is, as we go beyond, say 60, 70, we will have to transition to HAMR. As we get to 80, 90, 100 terabytes, there is — at some point, the laws of physics will require us to transition to HAMR, but we want to do it in a way that makes economic sense, that manages risk, gives our customers smooth transitions, AND equally important, makes economic sense for us, as well. The benefit we have is that we're able to do both whilst delivering the strong financial performance that Kris read off.

Ambrish Srivastava: I'm going to go to Aaron and after that we'll come to Erik over here.

Aaron Rakers: Thank you, Ambrish. Aaron Rakers, with Wells Fargo. First question on the laser, the integration of the laser technology, I'm curious — and I apologize if I missed this — can you help us appreciate when that inserts itself in the roadmap? Is that a point of gross margin leverage, are there any kind of further details on how we should think about that technology path as we go to the HAMR?

And then Kris, for you, I just want to ask, I mean — first of all, congrats on the Sandisk ownership, it's $5.075 billion [laughing] I'm curious if, as we pivot now to this significant free cash flow generation that appears to be supported by this model, how do you actually structurally think about your capital structure? You know? Are you wanting to build cash in a balance sheet, what's the appropriate level of cash to run the organization; I'm just trying to get a frame for how you think about excess cash generation because you clearly are going to have a lot of capacity for capital return; I'm curious about how you, longer-term, think about that. Thank you.

Irving Tan: You can go ahead and take the laser question.

Ahmed Shihab: Yeah, well — I was hoping that Kris would answer the laser question too. [laughing]

Kris Sennesael: I can, but please go ahead. [laughing]

Ahmed Shihab: Oh, thank you. The laser technology, it's — it is smaller, it is cheaper for us to produce, so that is going to be useful and accretive to the business, and we are starting a slow ramp in introducing it. So it's not going to be a lightswitch transition because we want to be careful about when we transition that. So we'll start that transition right around the 48-, 40-terabyte range, and even a little bit before that.

Kris Sennesael: In terms of capital structure; so, assuming a successful monetization of the Sandisk shares, we're going to end up with $1.6 billion dollars of debt on the balance sheet, which is the convert. At the appropriate time, I want to get rid of the convert, but still keep about $1.6 billion dollars of debt on the balance sheet. So yes, we have strong free cash flow; the intent is to return all of that free cash flow back to the shareholders.

Ambrish Srivastava: We're going to go to Erik and then we'll tee up Asiya over here, and then Wamsi after that.

Erik Woodring: Awesome. Good morning guys. I'll rebut Aaron and say, remember you guys once had 23 million shares of Sandisk, and— [laughing]

Irving Tan: Hindsight is 20/20, Erik. [group laughing]

Erik Woodring: Very true. No, thank you guys for all the content here. I just want to break it down, which is — we've gone through a lot of different configurations and platforms that you're introducing; they all have 11 platters on them. Your competitor is coming out with HAMR with 10 platters. How do you remain price-per-terabyte, price-per-exabyte competitive; how do you continue to push down cost per terabyte when we have that kind of differential. What are you doing differently that allows you to remain competitive despite that one extra platter per drive.

Irving Tan: So maybe I'll just make one big comment and then I'll leave it to Ahmed. You saw his presentation, he had two very important points. One is we're going to continue to focus on increasing areal density. Right? So, if you look at it, we're going to deliver a 40 terabyte ePMR, as example, that's only 11 platters; that's close to 4 terabytes a platter. When we get to 60, we'll introduce another platter. So that's 5 terabytes per platter. So we're increasing areal density. Right? So then on HAMR, we said we would get up to 10. By 2029?

Ahmed Shihab: 28.

Irving Tan: 28, sorry. He's even ahead of me.

Ahmed Shihab: He's sandbagging. [crowd laughing]

Irving Tan: So, if you talk about what the rest of the industry has been saying, they're saying we're going to get up to 10 terabytes per platter. So we're equal or potentially, timeline-wise, going to be ahead of them in areal density. Now, what we are doing is to increase the capacity of the drives beyond areal density. So we're going to be at parity or even ahead on areal density per platter, but we have that ability because of the innovative work that the teams have been doing, the laser technology, to — within the same drive — to increase the number of platters. Alright? So that's how you get to a potential 140. So we feel actually, from a drive economics standpoint, actually, our dollar-per-terabyte is going to be even more competitive going forward.

Erik Woodring: Okay. And maybe just a quick followup, going back whatever it is, just 12 months ago to the last Analyst Day, I think we were setting a floor for op margins and gross margins at 24% and 38%; I know we're kind of dreaming the dream now, which is exactly what we were all asking for, but if we do think about the other side of that, where do we think about the potential floor and margins, is it any different than a year ago or has that changed as well? Thank you so much guys.

Kris Sennesael: No — so the financial model that I put out there, as I said, it's a target model, so we still have some time to go and some work to do to get to the targets, but I have confidence that once we hit those targets over the next three to five years, we will be able to continue to operate the business at or above those values.

Ambrish Srivastava: We'll come to Asiya and then after that Wamsi.

Asiya Merchant: Thank you, Asiya Merchant, Citigroup, and thank you for all the content; that was great. Just one for Kris, and if I can, one for Irving as well. Kris, you know, when you talk about stable pricing, I know right now it's a great environment, just walk us through why stable pricing makes sense beyond maybe the next few quarters where you have great visibility; if there's a down cycle, why do you still think stable pricing could probably prevail?

And then one for Irving; Irving, on the earnings call you also talked about quantum computing. I didn't get to hear anything about it, maybe it's just the timeframe here that we're talking about. Just walk us through that innovation that you've talked about and how does that fit into the broader roadmap? Thank you.

Kris Sennesael: So, as it relates to pricing, for me, pricing is fully tied to how much value do we deliver to our customers, right? It has nothing to do with tightness in the supply chain or strength in the cycle or weakness in the cycle. It's "how much value do we provide to our customers," and moving to higher-capacity drives with better areal density, with better performance, is what our customers want, it's what our customer needs, and delivers a tremendous amount of value. That's why we are going to remain disciplined in terms of pricing, no matter where we are in the cycle. And that's why I have high confidence in this stable pricing environment.

Irving Tan: Yeah. Maybe I'll just add onto that. I've been in regular communication with our customers, with one of the big ones, just two weeks ago — I mean, what they really want from us is predictability in pricing. It's very hard for them to be designing their datacenter architectures two, three years, five years out when you have the volatility that we're seeing in some of the storage tiers. So what we're really focusing is on continuing to deliver value to them, and as Kris said, to be able to share that value, so that we can deliver that stable pricing. Obviously in the near term we're seeing mid-to-high single digits, but in the long term model, a stable pricing environment.

In relation to your second question on Quantum and — we didn't want to distract from all the exciting things. We had to stay on the the drive itself, and obviously as I mentioned, we look to have regular Innovation Days to keep you posted on what we're doing. But the reason I mentioned it — because we're not building the business just for today. We are also incubating new growth vectors for the company for tomorrow, and that's why I took a moment to highlight the rich core capabilities and IP that we have. If you look up what the next, probably, tech growth driver beyond AI; quantum represents a huge opportunity going forward. And our magnetics capability, our magnetics junction technology capability, our nano-fabrication technology, by which we build our drives, positions us very well to deliver cost-economical qubits to support quantum computing going forward. And that's kind of why we made the strategic investment into Qolabs — not because it's a financial investment, but we're also a key technology partner to them, to be able to bring quantum computing economically at scale, just like we have done for the hard drive industry.

Ambrish Srivastava: Great. And while you get ready for a question, I want to widen our horizon and see who's in the back as I've been sticking with the front-benchers but we'll go with Wamsi and—

Wamsi Mohan: Thank you, Wamsi Mohan, Bank of America, I appreciate you guys doing this, and Kris, love your comment on 'no ceiling to numbers,' that's definitely encouraging here. I guess the two questions I have are one, you noted smooth transition across recording technologies and looks like relative to last year your EPMR road map is significantly different. I think last year you said ePMR might end at 36, now we're saying 60 plus, so very different. How do you think that impacts the adoption of HAMR at your customers just given the fact that so far you've seen tremendous success with EPMR, and that might be an easier transition at higher capacities. So do you think it impacts the transition to HAMR from a WD perspective?

So that's my first question, and second question is, there was a lot of innovation you shared here in terms of performance, improving performance, in terms of power, in terms of IOPS. Just curious how you think about this could expand the TAM for Western Digital, and does that — when this comes around does it accelerate your growth rate even further? Thank you.

Ahmed Shihab: So the — when we talk to our customers, one of the things they're really very clear about is they really don't like those step up transitions, and they want to have that smoother ramp in terms of equivalent capacity so they can choose when to ramp the capacity points for themselves. And that's really the genesis of why we pushed the ePMR technology further. We don't think it's going to decelerate HAMR adoption because customers understand, to get to the beyond-60-terabytes, to the 80 to the 100s, they really need to adopt HAMR. But they want to be sure of the quality and the reliability of this new technology, new recording technology that hasn't been in the data centers for two, three, five years, so they get comfortable with it.

So they appreciate us creating that road map for them. And since it's manufactured on the same lines, we're not — we've created — it's fungible capacity from that perspective. So we feel that it's the right approach for the customers; that's certainly the feedback we've heard from all the customers is, they appreciate the thoughtful approach that we've taken to the transition. They will transition in their own time. There's a deadline, but there is a transition.

Irving Tan: I guess in terms of the performance features, Wamsi, that you're referring to, obviously we anticipate the take-up rate within the existing fleet of drives that we have shipping to customers, on the high bandwidth drives — Ahmed, would I say, 20, 15%?

Ahmed Shihab: About 20%.

Irving Tan: Okay, 20% of customers would want that in their fleets, right? And then obviously the energy efficient drives, that actually opens up a new TAM for us because that actually is an unfilled need between the hard drives and the archival storage tiers. Obviously all these new capabilities will be reflected in pricing that's above and beyond what we deliver for pure capacity today.

Ambrish Srivastava: Great. We'll go with Steve Fox over there? And then [points].

Steven Fox: Hi, thanks for all the great information; really an eye opener for someone who's followed this industry for many years. Um, one question; it seems like maybe it's an older question, but thinking about your areal density curve, it looks like it's going to be a lot faster over the next three years than you're talking about for bit growth, and you just mentioned new TAMs, etc. So, can you sort of talk — and I recognize you're not going to be 100% at 10 terabytes per platter in three years, but can you sort of talk about how you manage that sort of additional supply through this areal density and where else it could go?

Ahmed Shihab: So increasing the areal density, the acceleration of the areal density that we're seeing, it's really the focus of our engineers on the media recipes, how we design the media recipes and how we increase the — change the head design. So we're taking further advantage of technology we've had in our drives for some time; we're just being a lot more bullish about what they can do and we that's how we get the higher densities that we're looking for right now.

Steven Fox: But I guess I'm wondering, it compares to like a 25% bit growth CAGR and you're increasing areal density by two and a half [times] over like three years, so how does how do we equate those two numbers together?

Kris Sennesael: So, we will continue to innovate as fast as we can, and Ahmed has lined out the timing of that. Of course, on top of that, you have to lay an adoption curve at the customers, and the combination of all of that, for us, we believe we will be able to supply in line with the nearline growth of mid20s that we expect over the next three to five years.

Ambrish Srivastava: Great. We're going to go to Tom O'Malley?

Tom O'Malley: Tom O'Malley, Barclays. Thank you guys for doing this; appreciate it. Not not much to pick at here, just two questions on the technology side. You spent a little time talking about the bottleneck of SATA for flash. Can you talk about industry improvements in memory bandwidth and if you see that getting better over the next couple of years, and if that may help flash providers? And then second, you talked about a common API for flash and hard disk drives. A big gating factor for more flash use in the past has been the difficulty with moving the software over. As you guys integrate that, is that going to hurt you in customers being more readily able to move back and forth between flash and HDDs? Thank you.

Ahmed Shihab: Improvements in — so improvements in memory interfaces is just going to accelerate the pace with which data moves around. So that's just going to require more and more data to be transferred in and out of storage. So that's why we feel our bandwidth drives help us really meet some of that demand. So we see that trend is going in parallel with each other, and I think that's an important thing for us to have delivered to our customers.

On your second question, which I kind of — will the API hurt us versus help us? We feel that in those customers that have already started on flash, we want to meet them where they are. So we don't want to make an abrupt transition for them; we want to make a smooth transition for them as well. So by offering the same API and making the transition on the same media, they get the same performance capabilities, and then when they're ready they can take advantage of the hard drive economics without disrupting their business. And I think that's an important transition.

I don't think it'll hurt us going the other way, because starting with hard drives, you're going to like the economics, you're going to like the performance. There will be a small amount of workloads that may benefit from flash, but being customer-centric, it's the right thing to do for the customer.

Irving Tan: Yeah, if I may add, I think it's ultimately down to the workloads and specifically what we're looking at in the platforms with those open APIs is to really focus on the neoclouds where they're starting from a flash-first perspective to really open up the HDD TAM that we don't really actively participate today. As they start to grow and amount of their storage requirements increase, the economics will require them to move into that direction.

Ambrish Srivastava: We'll go, right next to Tom, right there. [points] Thank you.

Ananda Baruah: Hey, yeah, thanks guys. Ananda Baruah, Loop Capital. With the roadmap for areal density that you provided, which is super impressive — is there a useful way to think about mitigation of the supply-demand gap that's in place today? Is there a time frame that you think supply-demand can start to normalize? It sounds like regardless you guys have your paradigm on economics and value-add, that you have, so sounds like that won't change based on supply-demand equilibrium, but any context there given that your areal density roadmap seems like it's going to move pretty quickly over the next couple years? Thanks.

Irving Tan: Yeah, I mean — as we know that the supply environment is very strong, and the demand side of the house is trying to catch up. Obviously from a roadmap standpoint and from a production standpoint there's limited opportunity in what we can do for calendar year 26, but as we get — as you see the road map, as we're able to ramp up, as customers — again, as Kris mentioned, depending on the adoption cycle as we move to the latter part of '27, '28, we anticipate that gap to narrow. But again, you know, something that we've seen is that the demand for storage continues to grow at a rapid rate, so — even the mid-20s, who knows what it's going to be going forward.

Ambrish Srivastava: Can we come to the front here please?

Yang Pu: This is Yang Pu for Karl Ackerman at BNP Paribas. Thank you for this great presentation. I have two questions, first to Ahmed about the high bandwidth drives. The idea of dual-actuator drives has existed for years, but never really took off; why is that? And why do you believe they can be successful today? And I have a follow-up.

Ahmed Shihab: Okay. I think as I said earlier, these ideas have been around for a while, but typically the way they were implemented required customers to change the interfaces, the software, the hardware, and they typically cost more money and more power. That's been the history of trying to introduce these technologies. What we've done in our designs is really paid attention to keeping the customer experience the same. So we took all the complexity away from the customer and kept it inside the drive. That's a testament to our engineering capabilities and the way that we're able to work through the drive in the small form factor we have, but keep the customer experience the same. That's what's different about these. I've seen many of these ideas, as a customer, come to me over the years, and typically it suffered from poor experience, poor power, or it's more expensive, and in this case we solved for those problems very quickly based on the history of technologies we've been incubating for quite some time.

Irving Tan: Yeah, I hope you see the big change in in our focus as a company. We talked about, a year ago, being really focused on our customer in everything. You've probably heard the word customer close to 100 times over the last two hours and everything we are doing starts with the customer at the center. Having Ahmed and more and more of our talent that comes from the hyperscale environment really gives us good insight into what we need to be doing from our customers. It's not a technology-first view. It's a customer-first view that technology enables the outcome that they want.

Ambrish Srivastava: You go to —

Yang Pu: Sorry, I have a followup. It's just a overarching question, just a long-term look at where we are in the cycle right now. Demand is through the roof, and supply is constrained; the industry is very consolidated. I feel like it's hard to apply any of our previous experience of the historical cycles onto this one. How do you think this cycle would unwind? What would make you — anything make you worry about, like, in three to five years, anything would change? Or do you all sleep very well in night? I know no one has a crystal ball but any of your longtime perspective would be very helpful.

Irving Tan: Well, we let you guys predict the cycle, right? We don't do that; you guys are experts at it. I think our focus is on staying close to our customers. The fact that three of our top five customers have entered into long-term agreements with us that extend one and two, all the way up to calendar '28, through to '27. As Kris mentioned, we're having active discussions with the rest for '28, '29, and some of them for even '30. That visibility gives us the confidence of where things need to go and the fact that you know we're not driving this business with high CapEx unit capacity focus, we can toggle technology if we need to to meet exabyte supply and demand balance.

Ambrish Srivastava: [points]

Mehdi Hosseini: Thank you. Mehdi Hosseini, Susquehanna. Two follow-ups; one for Ahmed. Should I assume that most of the drives installed today, and over the next couple of years, are going to be on a SAS bus interconnect infrastructure?

Ahmed Shihab: No, most of the drives that exist today are on SATA interfaces. So all the hyperscalers use SATA interfaces. They're sufficient for their capabilities, and they have done for the last 10 years.

Mehdi Hosseini: Sure. Is that going to be sufficient, especially as for inferencing, and assuming that inferencing; some is done in the cloud and some on the edge. How is how would that change the SAS or SATA requirement?

Ahmed Shihab: We don't see the — customers have been really good at building the software layer, the object store layers and the file system layers such that they can aggregate the performance for many thousands of drives into serving those workloads. But as those workloads get hotter, they're looking for that more performance from us so that they can serve even more capacity and more performance to their end users. So the interfaces and the design of the boxes will evolve to meet the performance needs that we have in the future.

Mehdi Hosseini: Sure. Okay. And just one quick free cash flow question. Should I assume that the capital intensity will remain in the same range?

Kris Sennesael: Yeah, absolutely. So the CapEx intensity is four to six percent to revenue, and all the innovation that — Ahmed has talked about it, right? Especially because it's even recording technology agnostic, right? Will not require a step-up, will NOT require a step-up in CapEx.

Mehdi Hosseini: Thank you. Oh by the way I guess if we were all trying to figure out the downside is we have to figure out when is the next flood hitting Malaysia. God forbid. [chuckles]

Ambrish Srivastava: So, you used up four or five questions for the next several earnings calls. [group laughing] As did Amit! But we're going to go over there to Matt.

Matthew Scheffler: Hi, Matthew Scheffler, Investment Strategies Fund. You know, the amount of innovation sort of belies this question, but how do we know we're spending enough on R&D?

Ahmed Shihab: [chuckling] I think the results show that we are being very frugal about how we get ideas to market. We test the ideas the way that makes sense to us. We incubate them. We test them and only develop the ideas that are really resonating for our customers' experience; take them forward. So there's a lot more ideas than what we are looking at behind the scenes, it's just we do it in a very responsible and very frugal way.

Irving Tan: Yeah. Maybe I'll just add on to that, and Kris wants to as well. Look, we have definitely not stifled R&D at all. And even a year ago at the investor day, we said very clearly: we would return 100% of excess free cash flow to our shareholders. That's after the investments that we make into R&D. So again, we we're building a business not only for delivering our core drive business for today, we're also making investments into incubations for the future. These new growth vectors are something we are and will continue to make investments in, going forward — both R&D investments, and also financial investments into whether it's startups or M&A that we think is necessary, because our innovation framework has three pillars to it. We build internally, we partner, right? We co-innovate with our partners. And we also have a buy model of it. So that will not change going forward. Kris?

Kris Sennesael: Yeah, and so again, we're not starving the company. We are focused on accelerating the pace of innovation. I will allow him to spend more R&D dollars provided he does it in the most effective, most efficient way, and there is a strong return on investment. I'll stop it there. [group laughs]

Ambrish Srivastava: We have time for one more question; we're going to go to CJ over there. [points]

CJ Muse: Thank you. CJ Muse with Cantor Fitzgerald. Two questions: the first one I want to push you a little bit on gross margins. You're just a couple quarters away, I think, from 50% if you keep pricing stable and you maintain that 10% cost down. So, curious: is there something that's occurring going forward in the transitions that's reducing either your cost down, or yields not going to impact things as well? We'd love to learn a little bit more on that. And then second question would be probably a question you haven't received in, ever, which would be cannibalization going the other way. With NAND pricing moving the way it is, are you talking with customers and starting to see demand perhaps pick up that had traded away over to SSDs? Thanks so much.

Kris Sennesael: Yeah. So I'll take the gross margin question. So you think about it the right way. We are making good progress at improving gross margins. We are getting closer to the 50 and 50-plus gross margins. Obviously, we have a technology transition in front of us, but we've always stated, and I'll be happy to repeat it today, that if and when we transition to HAMR, this will be neutral to accretive to the gross margins.

Irving Tan: Yeah. And CJ to your question, look — I think what you see from the innovation that we shared today, from a capability standpoint, from a performance standpoint, we are reinventing the hard drive to make it much more competitive, much more suited for the AI workloads for today. At a minimum it's definitely going to preserve that 80% of bytes that's stored in hard drives. Do we think there's opportunity for us to expand on that given pricing? Again, it's a highly volatile environment and we'll see. But at a minimum I think it really gives us that confidence that we will continue to maintain that 80% share with some upside opportunity to grow it over time.

Ambrish Srivastava: Great. Thank you. So we come to the conclusion of our session.

March 31st has rolled around again, and on this date, we are reminded to take a moment to think about how we back up our precious digital data. That's right, it's World Backup Day. In this modern era of computing, it's easy to lose track of where your digital photos and videos, movies and media, or other data is stored. You can purchase cloud accounts with large allowances, but it's always good to have some redundancy.

One of the best-value large-storage drives we've spotted today is available at Best Buy. The Seagate Expansion External 22TB HDD is priced at $389.99, which works out at just $17.68 per Terabyte of storage. So if you want a lot of storage, for a reasonable amount of money, and it doesn't have to be lightning-fast, then there's still a place for traditional HDD backup drives in your inventory.

● Grab this deal at Best Buy

Finding any kind of memory or storage for cheap in today's AI-induced price frenzy is a rarity, and although this drive isn't currently on sale, it is still one of the cheapest external HDDs available for its size. With a USB 3.0 connection, you have access to the 5Gbps bus bandwidth of the USB 3.0 standard, not the speediest of backup options, but it is one of the most cost-effective. This isn't a superfast SSD drive, so there will be longer wait times while copying files and folders, plus, alongside the USB connectivity, you'll need to have a power outlet close by, as this drive requires an external power source.

Luckily, the monolithic black-box form factor is clean enough to sit on your desk without looking out of place. Although it will take up a little space with its 1.65 x 7.04 x 4.92-inch chassis and hefty 2.64-pound weight.

So, if World Backup Day has inspired you to think about how you look after your data, then consider this drive as one means of keeping your data safe.

If you're looking for more savings, check out our Best PC Hardware deals for a range of products, or dive deeper into our specialized SSD and Storage Deals, Hard Drive Deals, Gaming Monitor Deals, Graphics Card Deals, Gaming Chair, Best Wi-Fi Routers, Best Motherboard, or CPU Deals pages.

Maker Will Whang has designed and open sourced an MK4001MTD USB Bridge. This is a USB mass storage compatible device which facilitates the use of the world’s smallest mechanical hard drives (obsolete for many years) with modern tech.

Toshiba launched its 0.85-inch MK4001MTD hard drives in 2004, offering an attractive-at-the -time balance of capacity and pricing. However, as they were sidelined quite rapidly due to the advance of flash memory tech, not many device designs adopted them. This has led to these tiny HDDs, and the data upon them, basically getting lost in time.

Whang explains that several prior attempts had been made at accessing the obsolete MK4001MTD drives, but they had fallen at various hurdles. So, the maker decided to start collecting working (and non-working) units to see if they could crack this particular old storage nut.

Starting with the basics, Whang compared drives and reader interface pads that looked similar to the MK4001MTD. Yes, it looks somewhat like an SD card with an MMC-style connector. So, various old/spare readers were used with the Toshiba drives to see what happened. Eventually, Whang decided to build their own reader based around the USB2240 flash media controller chip. It thus became possible to use a logic analyzer to see what signals were going where.

Unfortunately, it became clear that “this was not behaving like a normal SD or MMC storage device.” So, more analysis would be necessary, which would extend all the way into a reverse engineering effort.

For this next stage of the project, Whang acquired a beaten-up but usable Nokia N91. This mobile device was one of the rare MK4001MTD adopters back in the mid-noughties.

After getting the old phone to boot, so they could capture the traces, the purpose of each pad became much clearer. “The traces confirms this is a 4-bit SD/MMC interface and N91 service manual pin connection is indeed correct. The bus activity showed CMD52 traffic, which immediately pointed toward SDIO rather than a normal memory-card mode,” says Whang. “Looking further into the command contents, it also appeared that ATA-style commands such as IDENTIFY DEVICE were being transported over that interface.”

With the rough idea about what was going on, the maker decided to leverage OpenClaw to look after the software side of a USB reader solution. The AI agent was broadly successful, notes Whang, as it “successfully reverse-engineered the logic traces by building its own SDIO decoder, then wrote firmware for the Pico that exposes the drive as USB mass storage.”

Encouraged by the OpenClaw success, Whang decided to turn to Oups 4.6 and later GPT-5.4 for an improved result, which worked with their breadboarded Pico and a hand-wired drive.

Hardware design stage

Now happy with the software, firmware, and interface design, Whang decided to fire up KiCad and design a custom PCB for a neat, professional-looking solution. It shares the design language of the maker’s prior 1-inch MicroDrive project.

The result is that USB access to the MK4001MTD works reliably but is a pedestrian 0.42 MB per second read/write speed, at best, with the SDIO clock set to 10 MHz. This Toshiba drive was a measly 4GB (less than a DVD capacity), but at such a slow transfer speed, it would take about two and a half hours to read a full HDD or write it to full.

Whang concludes that they are happy with the collaborative work with a reasoning-focused LLM, and future projects might follow a similar structure. All the source code, hardware design files, and more have been shared on GitHub under the most liberal “I don’t care” license.

Seagate has announced that it has begun shipments of its latest hard disk drives featuring a 44TB capacity to two of its partners among the leading hyperscale cloud service providers (CSPs). The new HDDs are based on the company's Mozaic 4+ platform that relies on Seagate's heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) technology.

Seagate's Mozaic 4+ platform uses 10 platters with up to 4+ TB capacity per platter to enable drives of up to 44TB. The drives are believed to feature a 7200 RPM spindle speed as well as conventional magnetic recording (CMR) and therefore offer predictably high performance by HDD standards: think sustained data transfer rates of around 300 MB/s, though we are speculating.

Normally, Seagate and other makers of HDDs tend to release a lineup of hard drives offering different capacity points upon formal launch. With its Mozaic 4+ platform, Seagate is changing its tactics and only formally introduce its 44TB HDD that is currently being shipped to just one hyperscaler. Other large CSPs are currently qualifying Mozaic 4+-based drives, though we do not know which capacity points we are talking about.

Perhaps, the main reason why Seagate disclosed shipments of its 44TB HDDs now is the fact that its arch-rival Western Digital announced plans to ship its 40TB hard drives in the second half of the year. Unlike Seagate's Exos 44TB HDDs, Western Digital's 40TB drive does not rely on HAMR technology. Instead, it uses energy-assisted magnetic recording (EAMR) and UltraSMR technology that greatly expands capacity at the cost of slow overwrite performance. By making this announcement now, Seagate sends its potential customers a clear message that its HAMR-based hard 44TB drives are more technologically advanced than WD's 40TB offerings.

While the difference between 40TB and 44TB may seem immaterial, when deployed at scale, that difference may become significant when power consumption per TB is considered. Seagate compares its 44TB offering to 30TB drives and claims that the new drives increase overall system efficiency by roughly 47%, which enables hyperscalers to shrink physical footprint of their storage clusters by around 100 square feet while trimming annual power consumption by approximately 0.8 million kilowatt-hours.

"Data has become one of the most valuable assets for enterprises, fueling business insights, enhancing productivity, and enabling competitive advantage," said Dave Mosley, Seagate's chair and chief executive officer. "As the foundation of modern data center infrastructure, data storage solutions are essential to manage ever-increasing data volumes and maximize returns on investments in today's AI driven-world. Seagate's HAMR-based Mozaic products deliver the scale, performance, and efficiency customers need to unlock the full potential of their data"

Sold out: That was a brilliant deal but, unfortunately, as of February 25, it's sold out and no longer available for purchase at B&H Photo. The next, best option we can find right now is this 20TB WD Elements USB external hard drive for $399 over at Newegg. It's not as great a deal but it's still a good drive and one we've recommended in the past. With storage prices as they are, you're still saving money compared to rival models, and there's also a $40 saving to be had, too.

If you're trying to defy the AI price crunch and get hold of a large amount of storage for backups, archiving, and more, then this Seagate Expansion drive could be for you. Right now at B&H Photo, you can secure 20TB of Seagate storage in a USB 3.0 External Hard Drive for $319, a saving of $30 and just $16 per TB.

• Check out this deal at B&H Photo

Of course, a few months ago, this storage would have been a good deal cheaper. In December, we saw the 22TB version of this drive fall to an all-time low of $249.99. So this is slightly less storage and nowhere near as cheap. However, in a climate where AI demand is squeezing the price of RAM, SSDs, and even HDDs, this is a rare discount that gets you a lot of storage for just $16 per terabyte

This isn't a nifty SSD drive, so alongside USB connectivity, you'll need a power outlet close by. The size of the Seagate Expansion range isn't monstrous, weighing just 2.64 pounds and measuring 1.65 x 7.04 x 4.92 inches.

Out of the box, this will work with Windows and Mac, and includes an 18-inch USB 3.0 cable as well as an 18W power adapter.

As mentioned, storage is not as cheap as it used to be. Back in January, we reported that hard drive prices had surged by an average of 46% since September, and the trends are still only moving in one direction. In fact, one desperate UK resident recently flew to the United States because it was cheaper to buy drives abroad, combined with the cost of travel, than to pick them up at home.

It's safe to say that things are getting a bit wild out there. But with SSDs now costing a whopping 16x more than HDDs thanks to AI, large external hard drives still make for a decent value play, even at today's inflated prices. $16 per terabyte is the best storage we've seen in some time, and this deal is likely to sell out fast.

If you're looking for more savings, check out our Best PC Hardware deals for a range of products, or dive deeper into our specialized SSD and Storage Deals, Hard Drive Deals, Gaming Monitor Deals, Graphics Card Deals, Gaming Chair, Best Wi-Fi Routers, Best Motherboard, or CPU Deals pages.

A Reddit user on the r/DataHoarder subreddit shared how they were able to save money on hard drives by flying to the U.S. instead of purchasing them directly in the U.K. According to u/cgtechuk, they’ve been monitoring the prices of 28TB drives in the U.K., and only saw them go up. Because of this, they decided to take a trip after New Year's to buy ten of these high-capacity drives in the U.S. instead. Since Best Buy and B&H Photo both set a maximum purchase limit of just five drives each, the Redditor decided to get the drives from both shops. When the order was confirmed, they then booked a flight and a hotel in New York.

We checked Amazon to see the cost of the Seagate IronWolf Pro 28TB HDDs in the U.K. and the U.S., and what we found was quite jaw-dropping. In the U.S., this hard drive "only" costs $609.99 a piece — and you could even get a discount on them if you’re able to find a good hard drive deal. On the other hand, Amazon UK lists the same drive and capacity at $980.46.

That’s a price difference of more than $370 per drive, and if you’re getting ten of these, then you’re looking at a savings of at least $3,700. On the other hand, the cheapest round-trip tickets between London Heathrow and JFK International start at less than $700. Even if you factor in the cost of a cheap hotel near JFK, which goes for around the same price for four nights, plus an extra $300 for pocket money, you’re still looking at savings of around $2,000. u/cgtechuk would have saved even more than that, though, as they said that they redeemed points for both the flight and the hotel stay.

To avoid getting scammed, they recorded everything when they picked up the drives they bought from Best Buy and B&H, including the serial numbers. They then tested each and every drive in their hotel with SeaTools, Crystal, and even copied files onto them to ensure that they didn’t get scammed with swapped-out drives. With everything verified, they then packed all ten drives (with their foam inserts) in their carry-on while putting their packaging in their checked luggage in case they need it for warranty.

Even though the AI build-out has mostly affected memory and storage chips, hard drives are also slowly but surely following the trend of limited availability and increased prices. In fact, their prices have surged by 46% since the third quarter of last year, and Western Digital has reported that its production capacity for 2026 is already sold out. This is because even though hard drives are much slower than SSDs, they’re still crucial for AI hyperscalers for nearline storage. With the latter surging in cost (up to 16x more expensive than HDDs), data centers are switching to more cost-efficient HDDs to store massive amounts of warm or cold datasets. This, in turn, drives up demand, resulting in higher prices for everyone, including consumers.

Happy Presidents' Day! As we look toward the end of the Presidents' Day sales, there are still plenty of deals to be had at some of our favorite tech retailers. Today's deal is on one of Seagate's IronWolf Pro HDDs (20TB capacity) for $419.99, available from Newegg. Hard drives aren't as popular for speedy data access as they used to be — you'll want one of the best SSDs for that task — but they're still great for cheap and deep storage for data that doesn't need lightning-fast access, like pictures, videos, and backups. At this $419.99 sale price, you're saving $80.01 from the $500 list price.

• Grab this deal at Newegg

You might think that mechanical hard disk drives are a relic of the past and are far too slow for modern needs, and you're not wrong. However, there's a caveat that you don't always need blisteringly fast cutting-edge speeds, and of course, the cost savings with older tried and tested tech. HDD drives are nowhere near as fast as the latest PCIe Gen5 SSDs, but what they lack in terms of speed, they make up for in price, capacity and longevity. These particular drives from Seagate are designed to operate continuously, 24/7, every day, while being reliable, and keeping your important data safe.

The IronWolf Pro is a 3.5-inch internal drive with a 7200 RPM spin speed and SATA connectivity. The SATA III interface has a 6 Gb/s transfer bandwidth, a read/write transfer speed of 285 MB/s, and a workload rating of up to 550TB per year. It uses Conventional Magnetic Recording (CMR) technology and is much faster than cheaper models that use Shingled Magnetic Recording (SMR). If you're looking for some of the best drives on the market to supply your NAS setup, then this IronWolf Pro deal should be on your radar.

These aren't the lowest prices that we've ever seen for these hard drives, even though they're on sale. Rising costs across the board for storage have seen HDDs go up in price, albeit not as high as SSD prices. Being rated for 2.5 million hours of MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures), the Seagate IronWolf Pro also comes with a lengthy 5-year limited manufacturer's warranty and complimentary 3-year Rescue Data Recovery Services for a hassle-free, zero-cost data recovery experience. Get some peace of mind with your data storage.

If you're looking for more savings, check out our Best PC Hardware deals for a range of products, or dive deeper into our specialized SSD and Storage Deals, Hard Drive Deals, Gaming Monitor Deals, Graphics Card Deals, Gaming Chair, Best Wi-Fi Routers, Best Motherboard, or CPU Deals pages.

Western Digital Chief Executive Officer Irving Tan said that the company has already sold out of hard drives for 2026. Tan confirmed this during the company’s Q2 2026 earnings call, where, according to the transcript shared by Investing.com, he also confirmed that there are already some long-term agreements (LTAs) in place for the next couple of years.

“As we highlighted, we’re pretty much sold out for calendar 2026. We have firm POs with our top seven customers,” the executive said. “And we’ve also established LTAs with two of them for calendar 2027 and one of them for calendar 2028. Obviously, these LTAs have a combination of volume of exabytes and price.” This announcement is on track with the report from late last year that hard drives are on backorder for two years due to massive data center demand.

The company’s VP for Investor Relations, Ambrish Srivastava, said that 89% of its revenue came from its Cloud business, while its consumer business only delivered 5%. Because of this, it would make sense for the company to focus more on enterprise clients — similar to how memory chip makers decided to focus production on the more lucrative HBMs that are in demand from hyperscalers. The cost efficiency of hard drives has especially become more apparent now that SSDs are skyrocketing to more than 16x the price of an equivalent HDD.

However, this is going to be bad news for enthusiasts and consumers. Although many people prefer SSDs for most electronics, there is still a market for consumer hard drives, especially for use in NAS systems and long-term data storage. But the massive demand brought by the AI infrastructure buildout is causing shortages even for this component. Many HDD models have surged in pricing already, with costs jumping by an average of 46% since September 2025.

PC hardware shortages are only getting worse as the AI race continues. What started as a memory and storage chip shortage has soon spread into GPUs and is now hitting hard drives. Most consumers won’t feel the HDD pinch as it’s mostly a niche product in recent years, but we’re afraid that other parts, components, and product categories are going to follow suit with the price increases and supply shortages in the coming months.

Backblaze just released its annual drive reliability report, with the company calculating an overall annualized failure rate (AFR) of 1.36% for 2025. According to the company page, its drives ran for a total of 115,638,676 cumulative days, with 4,317 units failing. This data comes from a total of 344,196 drives, meaning it has a good sample size that can give us a relatively accurate view of the reliability of the drives that it uses. The 1.36% AFR is the company’s best result since 2022, improving on 2025’s 1.57% AFR and the 1.70% AFR from the year before that.

Unfortunately, all the drive models that the company used suffered from failures. Two units stood out with only one failure each for the entire year — the Seagate ST16000NM002J 16TB and the Western Digital WUH722626ALE6L4 26TB, although the latter has only been used for one quarter. The Toshiba MGO9ACA16TE 16TB takes the third place with only three failures, followed by the Seagate ST12000NM000J 12TB and the HGST HMS5C4040BLE640 4TB, which had four and five failures, respectively.

We also don’t have a list of red-flagged drives for the entire year, but Backblaze reported three notable models that had high failure rates for the fourth quarter of 2025 — the HGST HUH728080ALE600 8TB (10.29%), the Seagate ST10000NM0086 10TB (5.23%), and the Toshiba MG08ACA16TEY 16TB (4.14%).

The company investigated the reason for HGST’s double-digit failure rate, which was a first for that particular drive. It has ruled out temperature or airflow changes, and the current thought is that it has been affected by vibration. But given that these drives are about 7.5 years old, Backblaze decided to earmark them for retirement. On the other hand, the Toshiba’s 4.14% failure rate is already an improvement over the reported 16.95% from the previous quarter, which has already been addressed via a firmware update. Although this is still a bit high, it’s expected to continue normalizing as the new firmware is rolls out.

Despite that, Backblaze says that drive technology has improved over the years, and that capacity is continuously increasing while cost per GB is dropping — at least before the memory chip and storage shortage that begun in late 2025. While hard drives are still cheaper the RAM and SSDs, they’ve have surged by around 46%, with the Seagate Barracuda 24TB now priced at around $500.

Western Digital this week outlined its near-term and mid-term plans to increase hard drive capacities to around 60TB and beyond with optimizations that significantly increase HDD performance for the AI and cloud era. In addition, the company outlined its longer-term vision for hard disk drives' evolution that includes a new laser technology for heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR), new platters with higher areal density, and HDD assemblies with up to 14 platters. As a result, WD will be able to offer drives beyond 140 TB in the 2030s.

Western Digital plans to volume produce its inaugural commercial hard drives featuring HAMR technology next year, with capacities rising from 40TB (CMR) or 44TB (SMR) in late 2026, with production ramping in 2027. These drives will use the company's proven 11-platter platform with high-density media as well as HAMR heads with edge-emitting lasers that heat iron-platinum alloy (FePt) on top of platters to its Curie temperature — the point at which its magnetic properties change — and reducing its magnetic coercivity before writing data.

New lasers

These edge-emitting lasers are efficient enough to make HAMR possible, but are mechanically and optically constrained, according to Ahmed Shihab, chief product officer at Western Digital. These lasers waste part of the generated light and are physically tall. That height forces additional spacing between platters, while optical losses limit how much thermal energy can be delivered to the media — both factors directly restrict areal density scaling.

More importantly, edge-emitting HAMR lasers are made with low yields as they rely on mechanical cleaving, precision optical alignment, and thermal screening, which prevents wafer-level testing. As a consequence, they can only be tested as part of the final head assembly, which greatly reduces yield (something that killed RDRAM years ago, as these memory chips must be tested only as part of the module assembly).

"Everybody in the industry, us included, use what is called an edge-emitting laser," Shibab said. "It is the gray box that you see sitting on the top [see the image above]. They work really well. They are the ones powering HAMR today, but they have three challenges. The light produced sometimes is wasted, so they waste a bit of energy that could be better used elsewhere. They’re quite tall, so we have to make sure the platters are some distance apart from each other. And during the hard drive manufacturing process, the yields are not as good as we’d like them to be."

To remove these limitations, Western Digital spent six years developing a patented vertical-emitting laser. Unlike conventional designs, it emits light straight down onto the magnetic media, couples more energy onto the disk, and is significantly shorter in the Z-dimension. This change enables two parallel advances: higher areal density (up from today's four terabytes per platter all the way to 10 TBs per platter) as well as a thinner head assembly that allows more disks to be packed into the same 3.5-inch drive. Furthermore, Western Digital's new vertical laser is made using a lithography process and can be tested on a wafer independently of the head, so the company also expects meaningfully higher manufacturing yields.

"By emitting more light, harnessing more of that light into the recording technology, we will increase the aerial density of the HAMR platters from four terabytes all the way to 10 terabytes by 2028 per platter," said Shihab. "This technology is not theoretical. It is actually already in the labs. We have watched it during the recording."

14 platters

Alongside its new vertical laser technology, Western Digital is also working on an HDD platform capable of housing up to 14 platters, another part of the equation enabling the company to increase the capacity of its hard drives significantly over the next 10 years or so.

The 12-platter platform will first be used with 60TB ePMR drives in 2028. While Western Digital does not disclose how many platters the company's 60TB HAMR HDD will use, it says that its ePMR and HAMR drives will use the same platform, which suggests that HAMR products will also use generally the same design.

 "We also borrowing some of the ideas from Hammer," said the CPO of Western Digital. "So, to get to 60, we will go to 12 platters. We are packing more capacity inside the same three and a half inch, all without changing the power profile of the drive. The customers don't have to spend more energy doing what we do."

Which is perhaps why Shihab carefully frames the new vertical laser technology not as a one-time capacity boost, but as a structural reset of HAMR's scaling curve that will aggressively grow starting in 2028 and is expected to enable 100TB HDDs in 2029 ~ 2030. In fact, once the vertical laser technology reaches its apex with granular media, sometime in the 2030s, Western Digital will be able to offer drives with an up to 140 TB capacity.

"10 terabytes, 14 platters, that sounds like 140 terabytes," Shihab teased.

Interestingly, but Western Digital's dual-actuator Dual Pivot HDDs that promise to double both bandwidth and sequential I/O IOPS performance also enter the scene at a 60TB capacity, though the company is tight-lipped whether these hard drives use ePMR or HAMR recording technology.

 "Dual Pivot technology helps customers focus their software effort on improving more performance for AI versus having to deal with how the hard drives work," Western Digital's chief product officer said. "We will introduce this at the 60 TB mark. […] So we are starting to put High Bandwidth drive technology in our customers hands today [and] my biggest problem is finding them enough material so they can start testing. Dual Pivot technology will be in their hands in late 2027 and in 2028.

Beyond 140 TB per drive

After that 140 TB milestone (which is pretty contingent), the company will have to move on to ordered granular (OG) and eventually bit patterned media (BPM), which is when HDD disks will be patterned using highly sophisticated etching, nanoimprint lithography, e-beam lithography, or even photolithography.

With BPM, hard drive technology will be dealing with very localized heating, which must be controlled with extreme accuracy. Excess energy can disturb neighboring bits, while insufficient energy prevents reliable writes, which is why somewhere along the line, HDD makers will have to invent next-generation laser designs that will combine heating performance with extreme precision.

At Western Digital's Innovation Day 2026 event, the company announced a new intelligent storage platform layer with open APIs that is designed to help customers operating 200+ PB fleets to both manage those devices and seamlessly add new ones.

The software layer is set to launch in 2027 and is intended to simplify integration of different classes of storage devices (including UltraSMR hard drives by non-hyperscalers), reduce qualification risk, and accelerate deployment of new devices. As an added bonus (to WD, at least), that platform layer will lock in customers with its hardware.

Now that solid-state drives command the lion’s share of client storage devices, data center-grade storage represents the majority of Western Digital’s business and the company has to adjust its offerings accordingly. While large hyperscalers develop their own hardware stacks, smaller players lack appropriate resources, making it increasingly hard for them to manage their expanding fleets of storage servers.

As a consequence, while these cloud and enterprise organizations increasingly operate storage pools totaling hundreds of petabytes, they still rely on manual integration, long qualification cycles, and fragmented storage tiers. To help its partners, Western Digital's new intelligent storage platform software abstracts complexity of large-scale storage environments and exposes them as programmable infrastructure. The goal is not to replace existing architectures, but to overlay them with automation and management capabilities that simplifies integration and accelerates time-to-production.

This new platform is designed to support the entire Western Digital portfolio, including SSDs, high-performance/high-capacity ePMR and HAMR-based HDDs, and ultra-high capacity SMR and UltraSMR hard drives. Using a common software framework will make it easier for cloud and enterprise customers to adopt new technologies that were otherwise hard or risky for them to use, including the latest and upcoming HDD platforms.

For obvious reasons, such a software layer locks customers with Western Digital and makes it far less appealing for them to adopt drives from rivals Seagate or Toshiba.

"WD's Innovation Day revealed a company that has genuinely transformed its strategy around customer infrastructure needs," said Ed Burns, HDD Research Director at IDC. "The market validation is already evident – customers are deploying these solutions because WD is solving what matters most for AI infrastructure: reliable capacity at scale, performance that meets demanding workloads, and economics that enable profitability. This customer-centric approach, combined with operational discipline positions WD well in the market going forward."

Although NAND memory has replaced traditional hard disk drives in the vast majority of client PCs, HDDs can still offer capacities at costs not achievable by solid-state drives today, particularly in the data center space. In a bid to retain the relevance of hard drives for years to come, Western Digital on Tuesday announced two distinct families of HDDs: one aimed at applications that require maximum performance and decent IOPS-per-TB, another designed for power-optimized applications that value limited power consumption and predictable performance.

High-Bandwidth HDD

The whole concept of Western Digital's High-Bandwidth HDD stems from reading data from the media using more than one head and transferring it to one or two hosts. The company showcases two types of High-Bandwidth HDDs at its Innovation Day: one uses more than one head for reading and writing at the same time to achieve 2X bandwidth compared to conventional HDDs, and another one features a second fully independent actuator to achieve 2X bandwidth and 2X sequential I/O performance. Over time, High-Bandwidth HDDs are projected to scale up bandwidth by eight times and I/O by four times when both approaches are combined within a single HDD.

WD's original dual-actuator High-Bandwidth HDD architecture — which is already being validated by the company's clients — allows multiple heads on multiple tracks to read and write simultaneously, thus exploiting internal parallelism to deliver 2X bandwidth of traditional 3.5-inch HDDs.

The next step for Western Digital is its Dual-Pivot High-Bandwidth HDD architecture is to add a second, fully independent actuator on a separate pivot inside the same 3.5-inch drive. Each actuator controls its own set of heads and enables two independent read/write operations at once, thus delivering up to 2X sequential I/O performance without reducing capacity. Dual-Pivot HDDs are currently in the lab and are targeted to become available in 2028. Over time, the two architectures will be combined to deliver 4X higher I/O performance compared to traditional hard drives.

Power-Optimized HDDs

In addition to offering High-Bandwidth drives for performance-demanding applications, Western Digital is also working on Power-Optimized HDDs that reduce power consumption by 20% for 'active cold' storage tier.

Western Digital positions Power-Optimized HDDs for 'active cold' storage tier for AI workloads that generate massive volumes of data — such as datasets, checkpoints, and logs — which must remain quickly accessible (which rules out tape), but cannot be stored on traditional high-capacity HDDs or SSDs due to cost concerns.

The company says that these power-optimized 3.5-inch HDDs use a 'minimal random IO' for 20% less power than conventional drives, which reduces ownership costs and makes 'active cold' storage cheaper to run. WD expects the first power-optimized HDDs to enter customer qualification in 2027.

Competing with QLC-based SSDs

Although High-Bandwidth and Power Optimized HDDs serve completely different purposes, they are paradoxically designed to rival the wide product category — data center-grade 3D QLC NAND-based SSDs. Such drives can offer storage density and performance that cannot be achieved by modern HDDs. However, by tailoring features and performance of hard disk drives for particular applications, Western Digital believes it can offer better value than QLC NAND-based SSDs.

Western Digital on Tuesday announced plans to extend its energy-assisted perpendicular magnetic recording (ePMR) technology to 60TB, thus producing ePMR-based hard drives along with its heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) for several years down the road to guarantee steady availability of high-capacity drives. The company intends to release its 40TB UltraSMR hard drive in the second half of this year, with its HAMR-based counterpart following in 2027. By 2029, Western Digital plans to offer 100TB HAMR-based HDDs.

Western Digital made several important announcements about its short-term, mid-term, and long-term hard disk drive roadmap at its Innovation Day 2026 event on Thursday. The key part of the announcement is that the company will extend usage of its ePMR technology to 60TB hard drives, which means that high-capacity ePMR HDDs will coexist with HAMR drives over the next several years. HAMR HDDs (of unknown capacity) remain on track for mass production in 2027 after getting qualified by Western Digital's hyperscale customers.

The flagship HDD from Western Digital this year will be its 40TB HDD based on the ePMR technology and using shingled track layout (SMR) with UltraSMR enhancements, which is currently being qualified by two hyperscale customers. Previously, the company planned to offer a 36TB HDD based on the ePMR 2 technology with conventional magnetic recording (CMR), a 40TB SMR drive, and a 44TB UltraSMR HDD.

This 40TB hard drive will not be the last ePMR-based product from the company, as Western Digital intends to keep using the technology for at least a couple of years before HAMR-powered solutions will take over when HDD capacities hit 60TB. Yet, these next-generation ePMR drives will be 'leveraging HAMR innovations without increasing power consumption.' While Western Digital yet has to disclose what it means, we assume that the company intends to use a unified platform for ePMR and HAMR drives with next-generation media that uses iron platinum (FePt), which allows to achieve much higher areal densities — think 2.5 Tb/inch² – 3.5 Tb/inch² — than is possible today.

"The result is unprecedented flexibility," a statement by Western Digital reads. "Hyperscalers and enterprises can adopt either technology on their own timelines with predictable capacity planning and seamless scaling – no forced technology transitions, no infrastructure disruptions, just continuous and accelerating capacity growth built on architecture they already trust."

For now, Western Digital does not disclose the capacity of its first HAMR drives, but it is safe to say that they will succeed its 40TB UltraSMR hard drive in 2027. Also, it looks like the company plans to advance its HAMR-based offerings at a high pace with plans to offer 100TB HAMD hard drives by 2029, essentially moving from 40TB in 2026 to 100TB in less than three years.

Extensive research into the pricing of some of the best hard drives on the market for large capacity, economical storage indicates that prices are beginning to increase sharply, with some of the most popular models on the market seeing increases upwards of 60%. According to research from ComputerBase, pricing analysis on 12 of the most popular mainstream drives on the market indicates an average price increase of 46% over the last 4 months.

While the research and price checks on these drives track movement based on European prices (ComputerBase is a German outlet), Tom's Hardware checks on similar or identical SKUs in the U.S. indicate that the trends are indeed replicated, or perhaps worse, on the other side of the pond.

CB reports that various drives like Seagate's IronWolf NAS line, Toshiba's Cloud Scale Capacity Drives, Western Digital's WD Red, and Seagate's BarraCuda lines are all showing price increases of between 23% and 66%. As noted, the average price increases clock in at 46% since September 2025.

The trend is also visible in the U.S. A Seagate IronWolf drive with just 4TB capacity would have set you back $70 in early 2023; that drive is now $99. Similarly, the 8TB model is $199, when it would have been priced as low as $130 a couple of years ago. Western Digital's Red Plus alternative is now $175 for 8TB. The toughest blow of all? Seagate's iconic BarraCuda 24TB drive, which we've seen cost as little as $239 during sales events, now costs a whopping $499 on Amazon, and you'll be buying it from a third party. Newegg doesn't even have it in stock.

Optical hard drives mark yet another casualty claimed by an explosion in AI buildouts in recent months that is consuming global DRAM capacity, squeezing RAM and SSD prices. The increases in RAM and SSD prices have become elevator noise at this point, with 100% or more price increases stifling enthusiasts and forcing a return to DDR4 PC building for some. While HDDs are obviously more insulated against DRAM and HBM supply issues, they play a crucial role in storing bulk data used for training AI models. Production is also being pivoted towards higher-capacity enterprise drives for AI data centers, squeezing supply for consumers.

As such, while HDDs may not directly be impacted by DRAM shortages, prices are being pulled up by the industry. Indeed, very few core components of PC building remain unaffected by price rises, with RAM, SSDs, HDDs, and, of course, GPUs all vulnerable to ongoing AI pricing pressure.

In the AI boom, we've already seen data centers switch to hard drives not only to alleviate cost, but also to combat limited SSD availability. Now, Seagate is here to help by updating its existing lineups with new 32 TB variants created for AI workloads: SkyHawk AI for $699.99, Exos for $729.99, and the top-end IronWolf Pro for $849.99. These are much less exclusive, though, and technically aimed at regular consumers.

• Check out Seagate's 32 TB SkyHawk AI
• Check out Seagate's 32 TB IronWolf Pro

The 32 TB capacity represents the largest size mainstream, generally available HDDs have been able to reach. To be clear, higher capacity drives do exist, but they're enterprise-grade; not available directly from the manufacturer's website. Moreover, Seagate itself has 32 TB offerings built using HAMR, but these new units all use Conventional Magnetic Recording (CMR) for consistent and reliable performance.

Moreover, all three of these are standard 3.5" SATA III drives, spinning at 7200 RPM, and equipped with a 512 MB cache pool. In terms of workload, these are rated for ~550 TB/year with 2.5 million hours of MTBF. You'll also find the same 5-year warranty included across the board, along with Seagate's software suite.

As for SKU-specific specs, the SkyHawk AI is the entry-level "video-optimized" option, and Seagate says it can record/store more than 10,000 hours of video with metadata and analysis. It includes a bunch of AI features like ImagePerfect AI, which is supposed to prevent dropped frames when running tens of streams in parallel. The drive can also sustain read/write speeds of up to 285 MB/s.

Moving on to the IronWolf Pro, its 32 TB variant is aimed at sprawling NAS setups where multi-bay configs are the norm. It shares many of the same specs but comes with AgileArray software for RAID configs. It also has RV sensors to maintain performance when spinning next to other drives. You also get IronWolf Health Management for predictable health monitoring. It's priced at $729.99, so just $30 more than the SkyHawk.

Finally, we have the top-end Exos 32 TB, which is technically not a consumer hard drive since it's aimed at small to mid-sized hyperscalers, but no one's stopping you from buying one. The press release says Seagate is targeting data center reliability with Exos thanks to its Mozaic technology. Once again, the on-paper specs are largely identical, but these should consume less power, which matters in cloud environments. Exos drives also have an impressive 3 TB per platter density.

We couldn't find an active listing for this one, sadly, but links for the other drives are included above. So, whether you're just an enthusiast looking to level up your archival duties, or a professional hunting for an enterprise-grade solution for your company, there's at least one drive in these lineups that fits your needs.

After nearly two years of relative calm, the hard disk drive (HDD) market is showing signs of stress again. According to a report from Digitimes Asia (quoting Nikkei), HDD contract prices jumped roughly 4% quarter over quarter in Q4 2025. That's the sharpest increase seen in eight quarters, and suppliers expect this upward pressure to persist. That might sound like a niche storage story, but in reality, it's a symptom of much larger forces reshaping the entire computing supply chain, from Chinese PC procurement policies to the rapid AI-driven expansion of U.S. data centers.

The report identifies two primary demand drivers. The first is a sudden resurgence of HDD demand in China's PC market, driven by government procurement policies that favor domestically produced CPUs and operating systems. That policy shift has accelerated local PC production, and in an unexpected twist, has also boosted HDD adoption. A big part of the reason is trust, or rather, the lack of it. Sources cited in the report point to concerns around long-term data retention in SSDs, whose critical components rely on NAND flash memory that is vulnerable to "bit rot" over time spent in storage. The result has been a renewed push toward HDDs for certain use cases, reversing what had long looked like an inexorable transition toward solid-state storage.

The second major pressure point is the U.S. data center sector, where demand for high-capacity nearline HDDs continues to grow. Despite years of predictions that flash storage would displace spinning disks entirely, hyperscale operators still rely heavily on HDDs for bulk storage, backups, and cold or warm data tiers. As AI workloads scale, so does the volume of data they generate, store, and move—much of which ends up on large, relatively cost-efficient hard drives.

TrendForce data cited in the report suggests that HDD manufacturers are already running at full utilization, yet still can't keep pace with demand from cloud service providers. Prices for nearline HDDs rose by a similar 4% quarter over quarter, underscoring that this isn't a localized PC phenomenon but a broader capacity problem.

What makes this moment especially interesting is how it intersects with the wider AI infrastructure boom. AI data centers aren't just consuming GPUs and accelerators; they're devouring memory, storage, power equipment, and even physical construction capacity at a historic pace. High-bandwidth memory and enterprise DRAM are already in short supply, and elevated DRAM pricing has made it harder for HDD makers to control manufacturing costs, even as demand surges. After all, hard drives use lots of DRAM for cache memory.

In that sense, HDD pricing pressure isn't an anomaly so much as it is collateral damage. Capital expenditure on AI infrastructure has ballooned so rapidly that it's begun showing up in macroeconomic data. Analysts have pointed out that a disproportionate share of recent U.S. GDP growth has come from investment spending tied to data centers, servers, and related infrastructure rather than consumer demand. HDDs, humble as they may seem, are part of that same CapEx wave.

Unlike flash memory, which can ramp with new fabs and process shrinks, HDD production is constrained by specialized components such as read/write heads and precision media. Scaling output isn't fast or cheap, and manufacturers have been cautious about expanding capacity after years of pricing pressure and consolidation. The result is a market that can tighten quickly when demand rebounds from multiple directions at once.

The bigger takeaway is that hard drives, often treated as a legacy technology, are once again being pulled into the center of the industry's growth story. Between China's shifting procurement priorities and the AI sector's insatiable appetite for data storage, spinning disks are experiencing demand dynamics few would have predicted just a couple of years ago. Whether this turns into a sustained pricing cycle or a temporary squeeze will depend on how quickly capacity expands, and whether AI infrastructure spending continues at its current breakneck pace.

If you're always running out of storage for your backups or media collection, you need a big deal on an even bigger hard drive. Luckily, there's a huge discount on a Seagate external HDD that will knock your socks off. A whopping 28TB of hard drive storage space is available, which leaves you with a huge amount of space for documents, photos, and videos.

It's all down to Amazon, which has dropped the price of the Seagate Expansion Desktop 28TB HDD to £419.99, ready for you to pre-order before deliveries begin in a few days' time on 17th December. There simply aren't many other options available with this capacity, and the options that do exist involve individual drives that often cost you hundreds of pounds more, so you'll want to jump on this deal before it releases.

• Check out the deal at Amazon

For just under £15 per TB, you're getting a traditional 3.5" hard disk drive inside its own portable enclosure. The enclosure features its own power supply, which you'll need to hook up to a nearby socket, while using a USB 3.0 cable to connect this drive to your PC or laptop for file transfers. You're also getting Seagate's Rescue Data Recovery service included, just in case your drive fails and you need to try to recover your data.

You'd usually pick up an external hard drive like this one if you weren't too worried about extremely fast transfer rates. This isn't an SSD, after all. It's also a good alternative to a full-blown NAS, and isn't as expensive.

If you're looking for a drive you can install directly into your PC, that's not totally out of consideration, either. Some of these enclosures use enterprise-grade Exos drives, which you can remove from the enclosure itself. Shucking, as this is called, will almost certainly void your warranty, but it can be a great way to pick up a high-capacity HDD at a much lower cost. You'll also need to research what these drives actually contain if this is your aim, however, as it can be a bit of a minefield.

This 28TB Seagate Expansion HDD is encased in an enclosure made from a rugged black plastic, measuring 7 x 2 x 5 inches, and sits on small rubber feet on the bottom of the chassis. You'll find the power and USB connections at the back of the drive, but as I mentioned already, you can't power this over USB. This needs the external AC power adapter to run, so make sure to keep a spare socket nearby.

You'll also need to be close enough to your PC or laptop. You do have an approx. 45cm USB 3.0 cable, so there is a little bit of length to play with here, although you can purchase a new data cable later. Setting this drive up should be as simple as plugging it into your PC or laptop, as long as it has power.

Should you run into any issues with the drive, especially if you think it's failed, you can call on Seagate's Rescue Data Recovery service, which guarantees you a single in-lab attempt by professionals to recover the data. There's no guarantee this will work, but it's nice to have the option to try, just in case.

This £419.99 28TB Seagate Extension Desktop HDD is a very affordable price for a drive of this capacity, especially with the option to shuck it. If you want it, you can pre-order it before dispatches begin on the 17th December. There's no guarantee that it won't sell out before then, however, so be sure to get your orders in quickly.

If you're looking for further savings, check out our Best PC Hardware deals for a range of products, or dive deeper into our specialized SSD and Storage Deals, Hard Drive Deals, Gaming Monitor Deals, Graphics Card Deals, Gaming Chair, Best Wi-Fi Routers, Best Motherboard or CPU Deals pages.

If you're in the market for the best in high-capacity, reliable storage, then a good deal on a hard drive is a great way to expand your setup.

Be alert when looking at HDDs, as not every drive is born equal and worthy of your money or a place of honor in your PC. Differences in recording technologies, like whether the drive uses conventional magnetic recording (CMR) or shingled magnetic recording (SMR), come with or without DRAM, and the spindle speeds they offer can all have a tremendous impact on the performance and pricing of your drive. We compile the best HDD deals in this constantly updated article, based on in-depth knowledge from thorough reviews, extensive benchmarks, and comprehensive historical price analysis.

We list internal drives for PCs, the best HDDs for NAS systems, and external hard drives, with the latter possibly including shuckable drives, meaning you can pry the HDD out of the external casing and use it in your desktop PC. Proceed at your own risk with shucking: Shucking the drive voids the warranty, but you get a capable drive for far less than you normally would (be sure to do your homework first to determine whether the drive can be shucked; not all models can).

Best HDD Deals: Quick Links

• Amazon: Save up to 62% on WD HDDs
• Newegg: Up to 43% off HDDs
• Best Buy: Up to $100 off HDDs
• Amazon: All HDD deals

Best HDD Deals

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Best External HDD Deals

HDD Deals: What to Look For

• It is important to be aware of the drive’s form factor, with 3.5-inch being the most common for the best HDDs (this is the only type we cover). If you need a 2.5-inch, your options are more limited, especially for capacity. Otherwise, your computer case’s ability to house a certain number of 3.5-inch drives might be your primary limitation.
• The ubiquitous SATA interface is used for desktop PCs, and most motherboards have ample available ports, which makes expansion easy. Most consumer NAS systems also use SATA, with the SAS interface typically reserved for servers and enterprise-class NAS.
• If you're shopping for an HDD, you’re probably looking for the lowest possible cost per terabyte, but you should also consider performance and support for specific applications. There are several potential performance pitfalls to consider when purchasing a new HDD, and the type of recording technology is one of the most crucial factors. Unless you are solely interested in cost and willing to sacrifice performance, we only recommend conventional magnetic recording (CMR) drives and not shingled (SMR), as the latter comes with performance and operational caveats.
• For performance, HDDs are also often gauged by rotations per minute (RPM), which is usually a direct indicator of performance. The RPM value affects both sequential transfers and random access latency. Lower RPM drives tend to be quieter and more efficient, while higher RPM drives have better performance. There are also variable RPM drives that try to achieve the best of both worlds. Power draw, heat, and noise are factors related to performance.
• HDDs also have a certain amount of DRAM to help temporarily cache data. This amount of cache typically scales with the drive's capacity. More cache is, of course, better, but if it comes at the expense of something else — for example, a support service — then you should carefully consider your priorities when making a purchase.
• You will want specialized drives for NAS, surveillance/DVR/NVR, raw storage for media and backups, or for heavier workloads. Certain drives will offer a better value for the money if you just want the extra capacity, or you may require a lower RPM drive to avoid the noise associated with faster drives.

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These huge storage deals on large-capacity hard drives keep on coming, and we're back with yet another deal on a Seagate external HDD over this Black Friday weekend. 26TB of delightfully portable storage space is on offer here, giving you ample room for your most treasured files.

It's Newegg firing out the discount on this one, dropping the price of this Seagate Expansion Desktop 26TB HDD to only $249.99. We can't check Newegg's historic pricing, but we can compare it to Amazon, thanks to Camelcamelcamel. That data shows it's never been cheaper than $259.99 over there, making this the lowest we've ever seen this drive with this amount of storage.

• Check out this deal on Newegg

Specs-wise, this Seagate Expansion drive means you'll be getting a traditional 3.5" hard drive, which is wrapped in its own plastic enclosure. It connects to your PC or laptop using a USB 3.0 cable, although it is externally powered, so you'll need to have a spare outlet nearby. This drive also comes with Seagate's Rescue Data Recovery service thrown in, giving you access to in-lab support to try and retrieve your files if the drive ever stops working.

External drives like this one aren't affected by soaring NAND flash prices, so unlike SSDs, they aren't seeing huge price rises. Not only does it make sense financially to invest in a drive like this, but it's also a good option if you're not looking for the extremely fast transfer speeds offered by SSD alternatives, especially if you're looking for a convenient backup solution that doesn't mean investing in a much bigger (and more expensive) NAS setup.

This 26TB Seagate Expansion HDD is protected by a rugged black plastic case, which measures 7 x 2 x 5 inches, and is protected by small rubber feet on the bottom. You can access power and USB cable connections at the rear, and you'll need to use the external AC power adapter to give it power, as USB alone won't give it enough juice to run.

It does come with an 18-inch USB 3.0 cable, however, so you do at least have space to work with, although you will still need a spare power outlet nearby. A drive like this is designed to be plug and play, becoming accessible to your system as soon as you connect it.

This is a shuckable drive, too, meaning you can remove the 3.5" HDD from its enclosure and install it directly into your PC. While it's important to point out that this will void your warranty, it is a significantly cheaper way to pick up a huge-capacity drive like this, with other 26TB HDDs currently priced at $350 and much higher. Some of these HDD enclosures do have Exos drives inside, but it is a bit of a minefield to figure out what you might get, so you'll need to research what drive you might get if this is your aim.

Just over $9 per TB is an astonishingly great deal for this $249.99 26TB Seagate Extension Desktop HDD. These drives are selling out fast, so don't sit on your hands if you want to expand your storage horizons, because the stock, or the discount, aren't going to be here for long.

If you're looking for more Black Friday savings, check out our Best PC Hardware deals for a range of products, or dive deeper into our specialized SSD and Storage Deals, Hard Drive Deals, Gaming Monitor Deals, Graphics Card Deals, Gaming Chair, Best Wi-Fi Routers, Best Motherboard or CPU Deals pages.

You can never have enough storage — believe me, I've filled up plenty of drives in my time. If you're searching for a decent Black Friday deal on a big drive (or two) to fill with your most important files, then you're in luck; There's an incredible offer on one of Western Digital's best and highest capacity NAS hard drives, with one dollar-saving catch. You can score a huge $200 saving, but you'll need to buy two of these 24TB WD Red Pro drives to get it, netting you a huge 48TB of storage as a result.

• Check out this deal on WD

This $799.98 deal for two 24TB WD Red Pro drives is seriously impressive, bringing this drive down to record lows, including $30 lower than the lowest-ever price we've seen on Amazon to date, based on Camelcamelcamel's data, as well as staying $70 below Amazon's current pricing.

The individual price for just one 24TB drive is $499.99 at WD's own website, so it really does pay to buy in bulk and save your cash.

Western Digital's WD Red Pro 24TB hard drive (with the model name WD241KFGX) is based on the company's latest 11-platter helium-sealed platform, featuring a 7,200 RPM spindle speed and OptiNAND technology.

The drive features Western Digital's 2nd Generation energy-assisted perpendicular magnetic recording (ePMR 2) platform, using conventional magnetic recording (CMR) for predictable performance in all workloads. Speaking of performance, the WD Red Pro 26TB boasts a 272 MB/s transfer rate, which is pretty decent for a traditional hard drive like this one.

This is an enterprise-grade NAS drive, so high performance and longevity are its focus. It's designed to work in vibrating, multi-user environments, non-stop, and is rated for a 550TB workload per year. It's also equipped with rotation vibration sensors that are designed to predict and adjust to turbulence caused by vibration, along with multi-axis shock sensors to detect dangerous (to your data) shock events, compensating for them with fly height technology.

That doesn't mean that this drive is exclusively for high pressure, high demand environments, however. You can easily use this in a home-based NAS or — if you want huge amounts of storage closer to hand — you can install it directly inside your PC with no issues.

There aren't too many great deals on hard drives going around for Black Friday, so if you're thinking about expanding your storage with with a total of 48TB of space, you really couldn't go wrong with this $799.98 deal on two 24TB WD Red Pro NAS hard drives, leaving you $200 to spend on some of our other Black Friday tech deals instead.

If you're looking for more savings, check out our Best PC Hardware deals for a range of products, or dive deeper into our specialized SSD and Storage Deals, Hard Drive Deals, Gaming Monitor Deals, Graphics Card Deals, or CPU Deals pages.

Hard drives remain a vital component in building high-capacity storage solutions, especially in the data center. IT Home reports that Seagate is continuing to break barriers on how many TBs can be stored on a single hard drive and has achieved a whopping 6.9TB per platter in its laboratory, making 55TB to 69TB hard drives a possibility for the first time.

Seagate's experimental 6.9TB platter boasts more than double the capacity of platters it uses in official products right now. Outgoing models such as Seagate's 30TB HAMR HDDs use 10 3TB platters to reach maximum capacity. With 6.9TB platters, Seagate will be able to build drives with more than double the capacity of its outgoing drives in the same form factor.

Seagate is leveraging its heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) technology to deliver its 6.9TB platter. If you want to check out how Seagate's HAMR technology works, check out our previous coverage. In a nutshell, HAMR uses heat-induced magnetic coercivity to write to a hard drive platter. In Seagate's outgoing drives, this tech is combined with Mozaic 3+ to reduce the media grain size compared to typical HDD platters.

However, these 6.9TB platters are still in development and are not planned to be used for another 5 years. Seagate's roadmap reveals that 6.9TB platters won't be used in official products until 2030. In the meantime, Seagate is working on developing 4TB, 5TB, and 6TB platters that will enter production in 2027, 2028, and 2029, respectively. But the company won't be stopping there; it projects that it will have 7TB to 15TB platters available from 2031 onward. Assuming nothing changes, Seagate could likely have petabyte-sized hard drives before 2040.

Seagate's continuous improvements in hard drive capacity will be vital to keeping up with the increasing demand for hard drives. Despite the rise in SSD maturity, hard drives are still the backbone of the world's long-term storage, thanks to better reliability and far superior storage capacity per drive (for the most part) and storage capacity per dollar. Hard drive reliability has only improved as the AI boom gobbles up hard drive orders, leaving HDD manufacturers with 2-year backorders on hard drives alone.

Luckily, this problem has mostly been regulated to datacenter drives (for now). If you are looking to pick up a new hard drive right now, be sure to check out our best Black Friday HDD deals for 2025, which include a 24TB Seagate BarraCuda discounted to just $239.99 (at the time of writing).

If you're serious about your storage, then you're not going to be switching completely to SSDs (at least, not yet). Nothing quite beats the traditional hard drive when its come to sheer storage capacity, which is why a serious data hoarders is going to take a strong interest in this WD external hard drive deal, available with a huge £148 saving for Black Friday.

• Check out this deal on Amazon

This WD Elements 16TB external hard drive is down to just £258.99 on Amazon right now, and while the drive has yo-yo'd in price, according to Camelcamelcamel data, this is still a historically good discount, even if it isn't the lowest it's ever been. This great deal is also priced well against the wider market, with drives featuring similar capacity and specs priced higher, even with discounts.

The WD Elements 16TB is designed to be a portable place to store all of your treasured files, whether it's your photos, music, movies, or improved documents. 16TB of storage is significantly more storage than the common PC or laptop might typically hold, putting it closer to a NAS in terms of the sheer volume of space you'll have at your disposal.

Unlike a NAS, however, you're not hooking this up to your network with an Ethernet cable. This connects to your existing system easily with a standard USB 3.1 Gen 1 port, so compatibility shouldn't really be a concern, and a Windows PC should detect it with no fuss.

The good news, for those who like cracking open their equipment, is that the WD Elements 16TB features a shuckable drive. That means you can easily remove the physical drive, hidden inside the enclosure, and reuse it in your PC or NAS. This will void the two-year warranty that comes with the drive, however, so make sure you're happy with that before you proceed.

Measuring 5.31 x 1.89 x 6.53 inches and weighing 0.9 pounds, this isn't a physically heavy or large drive to handle, and can be moved around, even if it isn't as portable as an external SSD might be. It does require external power, however, and you'll need to keep a spare socket nearby to hook it up with juice, as it can't be powered over just USB.

If you're looking for a large repository for your files, this £258.99 WD Elements 16TB drive is ready for you to plug in and start loading. Mac users will need to format it with a file system that macOS can read, but that isn't too much bother, either.

If you're looking for more savings, check out our Best PC Hardware deals for a range of products, or dive deeper into our specialized SSD and Storage Deals, Hard Drive Deals, Gaming Monitor Deals, Graphics Card Deals, Gaming Chair, Best Wi-Fi Routers, or CPU Deals pages.

If you're looking for a big storage upgrade for Black Friday, then this Seagate external HDD deal is the one for you. A whopping 28TB of HDD storage space is on offer, leaving you plenty of room to store a massive collection of photos, videos, and documents.

Amazon has dropped the price of this Seagate Expansion Desktop 28TB HDD to just $289.99, slashing it by 24% to a new record low. This Black Friday discount means you'll be getting a traditional 3.5" hard disk drive, contained in its own external enclosure with a separate power source that connects to your PC via USB 3.0 for simple setup and file transfer. The deal also comes with Seagate's Rescue Data Recovery service thrown in, just in case your drive does the unthinkable and fails.

• Check out the deal at Amazon

These kinds of external storage drives are ideal for the kind of data that don't require extremely fast transfer rates, offering a convenient solution for saving your files if you're not looking for a full-blown NAS. While some of these external HDD enclosures have Exos drives that are good for shucking the drives out of, it's a bit of a minefield determining what drive is actually contained inside. You'll need to research what drives do actually contain if this is your aim, as shucking the drive will almost certainly lead void the warranty.

This 28TB Seagate Expansion HDD is housed in a rugged black plastic case, measuring 7 x 2 x 5 inches, with small rubber feet on the bottom of the chassis. Power and USB cable connections are located at the rear of the drive, and the drive is powered using an external AC power adapter. You can't power this chunky drive just over USB, sadly.

Luckily, it does come with an 18-inch USB 3.0 cable, so you've got some length to play with if you don't have a spare outlet nearby. It should work as soon as you plug it into your PC or laptop, as long as it has power. If the drive does fail at any point, you can use the supplied Seagate Rescue Data Recovery service, which guarantees you a single in-lab attempt by professionals to recover the data.

Just over $10 per TB, especially for this amount of storage, really isn't a bad deal for this $289.99 28TB Seagate Extension Desktop HDD. This Black Friday deal is the cheapest we've seen this drive so far, so if you're tempted, make sure to pick it up before the stock runs out.

If you're looking for more Black Friday savings, check out our Best PC Hardware deals for a range of products, or dive deeper into our specialized SSD and Storage Deals, Hard Drive Deals, Gaming Monitor Deals, Graphics Card Deals, Gaming Chair, Best Wi-Fi Routers, Best Motherboard or CPU Deals pages.

Even as SSDs grow larger, you just can't beat traditional spinner storage when it comes to pricing. The WD Elements 14TB external hard drive is back at a fantastic price of $169.99, the drive's historic all-time low price. This great deal means you could save up to $210 off its regular price.

• Check out this deal on B&H Photo Video

The WD Elements 14TB provides ample space to store your photos, music, and other cherished files. Even if it's not the maximum capacity configuration the device offers, 14TB is still a generous amount of storage for your valuable data. Plus, it connects easily to your system via a standard USB 3.1 Gen 1 port, so compatibility won't be a concern.

The WD Elements 14TB is mainly designed as an external storage device, but you can also choose to shuck it to recycle the hard drive for your NAS or homemade server. Just keep in mind, shucking will void the warranty, so be sure you're comfortable with that before proceeding.

The WD Elements 14 measures 5.31 x 1.89 x 6.53 inches and weighs 0.9 pounds. Although it's not obnoxiously big or heavy, it's one of those external storage devices that'll probably spend more time on your desk than on the road. The device requires external power and must be connected to a wall outlet via an AC adapter.

The WD Elements 14 is ready to use immediately if you're a Windows PC user. If you're using macOS, you'll need to reformat it to a file system compatible with macOS. Western Digital provides a limited two-year warranty on the WD Elements 14TB, giving you extra peace of mind.

If you're looking for more savings, check out our Best PC Hardware deals for a range of products, or dive deeper into our specialized SSD and Storage Deals, Hard Drive Deals, Gaming Monitor Deals, Graphics Card Deals, Gaming Chair, Best Wi-Fi Routers, or CPU Deals pages.

There are deals in every direction at the moment as we lurch ever-forward to the massive Black Friday sales extravaganza, and speaking of massive, today's deal is on one rather large Hard Disk Drive. The Seagate BarraCuda Compute 24TB HDD is marked down to just $249.99 at Newegg, a superb price for a large storage drive, especially with the recent price rises across the board on RAM, memory, and storage.

• Grab this deal at Newegg

Bigger is most definitely better, especially when it comes to storage capacities. The more room, the more data can be hoarded. Available at Newegg, this deal knocks $50 off the $299.99 list price of the drive, a 17% discount. The drive in question (model no: ST24000DM001) is on sale for its lowest price in at least the last 30 days.

The Seagate BarraCuda comes in the standard 3.5" metal chassis and is a CMR drive with a 512MB cache and 7,200 RPM disk spinning speed. A SATA 6Gb/s interface delivers the fastest available speeds for this kind of storage and is the standard for most PC and NAS setups. Its large capacity means you can store reams of data, including pictures and video files.

Seagate's BarraCuda range of hard drives comes in several sizes, from a tiny 1TB drive to this 24TB monster and above. The BarraCuda is backed up by Seagate's 2-year limited parts and labor warranty. It might not have the impressive 5-year warranty of the EXOS range, but you are paying a lot less for this non-enterprise drive.

We are starting to see massive price increases on some of our favorite computer components, with RAM especially impacted. Knock-on effects from NAND and memory price hikes mean SSD prices are going to go up, and HDD drives will follow the trend. It's worth noting prices now and during Black Friday to see if it's a good time to pick up some extra storage, before price rises get silly.

If you're looking for more savings, check out our Best early Black Friday PC Hardware deals for a range of products, or dive deeper into our specialized SSD and Storage Deals, Hard Drive Deals, Gaming Monitor Deals, Graphics Card Deals, or CPU Deals pages.

The race to achieve AGI (artificial general intelligence) has pushed constituents to invest in and build data centers at a pace far outstripping our ability to make them. Manufacturers are struggling to keep up with AI demand, and the ongoing DRAM shortage is proof of this, with memory kits costing more than double what they did just a few months ago. Now, DigiTimes is reporting that storage is taking a hit, too, with delivery times for enterprise-grade HDDs delayed by two years.

That means if a firm wants to buy large-capacity hard drives, the backbone of nearline storage, it has to wait 24 months due to long lead times. As the news cycle suggests, AI money doesn't wait for anyone, so hyperscalers are now switching to QLC NAND-based SSDs to avoid these backorders. Picking QLC over TLC allows them to maintain costs while achieving sufficient endurance for cold storage.

However, hoarding QLC NAND creates its own shortage, since every cloud provider in North America and China is now lining up to buy it. This could lead to SSD prices rising worldwide, as most value-oriented models use QLC to save costs. In fact, DigiTimes claims that production capacity for QLC is completely booked through 2026 at some NAND manufacturers.

Therefore, given the current situation, QLC NAND is expected to overtake TLC in popularity by early 2027, marking a significant shift in the storage landscape. While enterprise-grade QLC SSDs would entirely power this pivot, Sandisk has already raised NAND prices by 50%, according to another DigiTimes report, after initially warning of a 10% increase two months ago.

This unprecedented shortage across memory and storage was largely unforeseen. Still, given the AI ambitions of the world's wealthiest, the overnight whiplash is perhaps the only surprising aspect of these price hikes. Last month, the Adata chairman hinted that the situation would only worsen over time, and it's taken just a few weeks for us to receive confirmation.

Every DRAM and NAND manufacturer is now selling capacity to AI customers willing to pay the big bucks. Instead of having 2-3 months of buffer capacity, these firms are down to just a few weeks now. This has led to year-best numbers for many businesses — a sharp turnaround from a few years ago — but, as usual, the short end of the stick trickles down to regular consumers who're now entangled in yet another electronics scarcity.

Hard drive manufacturer Western Digital has confirmed that it is looking into potential problems with its older hard drives identified by data recovery scientists. The drives in question, a collection of 2TB to 6TB WD Blue and Red models released around 2020, are SMR drives, a classification that already brought WD a class-action lawsuit in 2021.

"Trust and reliability are the foundation of everything we do at Western Digital," reads WD's official response to German outlet Heise Online. "We take the results reported by 030 Datenrettung Berlin GmbH seriously and have initiated an investigation by our engineering teams to understand the scope and details of these reports."

As WD alludes to, multiple data recovery scientists, including 030 data recovery, have begun reporting the issues fundamental to WD's use of SMR technology in lower-capacity drives. An open secret since 2021, data scientists have known that these 2TB to 6TB WD Red and Blue SMR drives have increased chances of failure, up to permanent data loss and physical drive damage.

SMR (Shingled Magnetic Recording) drives have been an available technology for hard drive makers to increase capacity cheaply at the cost of performance for years. SMR drives "shingle" data written onto them, as the name suggests, by overlaying the write tracks of data on top of other data, like roof shingles.

While this results in up to 25% greater capacity per platter in smaller drive sizes, it also adds layers of complexity and failure, as rewriting write tracks shingled under neighboring data becomes a whole production. As a result, SMR in smaller consumer drives has anecdotally caused problems in ZFS, RAID, and other redundant file systems for years. For a longer lesson on SMR, see our explainer written here in our first article on WD's use of SMR in these very drives in 2020.

Now, data recovery scientists are confirming that Western Digital Blue and Red drives with the WD*0EZAZ, WD*0EDAZ, and WD*0EFAX model numbers at the 2TB, 3TB, 4TB, and 6TB sizes are prone to abnormally high failure rates. Data scientists like 030 Datenrettung, mentioned above, also previously included WD Purple drives released at the same time in their list of failing SMR drives, but WD confirmed that the Purple drives are built on a different enough firmware that the same issues would not affect these drives. Larger SMR drives are also not at risk of the same failures.

The EZAZ, EDAZ, and EFAX drive models have been trouble for WD many times before. When the drives were released in 2020, WD did not disclose to consumers that the drives utilize SMR technology, a serious omission. While the company issued an apology for its blunder, a class-action lawsuit launched in 2021 secured a $2.7 million compensation fund for hoodwinked WD customers, paying out $4-$7 per claimant.

Now, these same problematic drives are also proving to be at risk of serious damage and data loss. Anyone using WD hard drives at these sizes from 2020 or later should check their hardware to ensure they are not also at risk of data loss and failure; data scientists suggest that the first sign of trouble with the drives will be loud noises coming from the spinning platters, though that warning sign is a fairly universal signal of something going terribly wrong.

Fake hard drives have become more common over the past decade or so, as online marketplaces have connected third-party sellers and buyers. That's exactly what happened to Reddit user u/BulyudiPorti, who purchased a Seagate external hard drive — or at least thought they did — and received a hollow drive with barely anything inside.

As seen above, the user opened the drive only to find a small circuit board driving a microSD Card, glued to the chassis with a piece of metal underneath. An identical metal block is also attached to the top lid to give it a false sense of heft, so it feels real at first glance. The user echoes that sentiment, saying how "everything about it looked and felt legit," up until the disassembly revealed what was really lying under the hood.

No further details were shared, such as where the drive was purchased, but we can see it's packaged as a 1TB Seagate Backup Plus Slim, a fairly common option on the market. The innards of this model reveal a 2.5-inch SATA hard drive inside the enclosure, with a SATA-to-USB adapter at the top. So, it's safe to say that seeing a sticky SD card hastily strapped together in there instead confirms you've been scammed.

Lots of commenters pointed out that this is easily avoidable: all you need to do is buy from reputable vendors or marketplaces with stringent consumer protection laws. The original poster never replied, possibly lending credence to the narrative that they perhaps got it from somewhere disreputable, with one commenter mocking, "Wdym the $29.90 24TB drive is a scam?" Since there are no conclusive details, we must reserve our judgment.

Stay vigilant out there, no matter where you're buying from. If a deal looks way too enticing, it's most likely a scam, and bad actors are often ten steps ahead of you to game the system out of issuing returns. However, even buying from reputable platforms can sometimes end badly. Just recently, someone received a literal brick in lieu of the RTX 5080 they ordered from Amazon, and that's just one story out of countless others. Check out our roundup of the best external drives to inform yourself of what's actually worth buying. We also regularly scour for deals so you can score a legit discount.

10/15/2025 update: The original version of this story incorrectly stated that rival drive makers currently top out at 10 platters. But Western Digital has been shipping 11-platter drives in 32TB (SMR) and 26TB (CMR) since 2024.

Toshiba has announced that it is the first company in the hard disk storage space to “verify 12-disk stacking technology.” Rivals currently aren’t able to squeeze more than 10 or 11 platters in their 3.5-inch HDDs. Thanks to this latest innovation, Toshiba expects to be able to commercialize 40TB HDDs for data centers as early as 2027.

Turn it up to 11? This one goes to 12.

How did Toshiba manage to add 20% more platters to the confines of a standard 3.5-inch form factor drive? The answer is, of course, through miniaturization. More specifically, the squishing of platters required “the development of new dedicated parts in the stack, and replacement of the current aluminum substrate medium with a glass substrate that offers greater durability and allows thinner designs.” Furthermore, Toshiba promises “improved mechanical stability and in-plane accuracy, higher density and greater reliability,” with its advanced design.

Safe from HAMR?

Toshiba is going to support the new 12-disk stacking technology devices with its Microwave-Assisted Magnetic Recording (MAMR) technology for the headlining 40TB HDDs, sometime in 2027. However, it is also investigating devices using next-generation Heat Assisted Magnetic Recording (HAMR) technology. This could be important, as its MAMR roadmap has been relatively conservative compared to rivals already on the HAMR train.

Some competitors, like Seagate, have roadmaps with 100TB+ HAMR drives (from 2030). WD is also plowing forward with HAMR, but Seagate seems to have leveraged its Invetac acquisition to put it ahead.

In summary, the 12-platter stacking breakthrough is an important engineering milestone for Toshiba. It will help prevent it from trailing too far behind rivals. Beyond capacities, Toshiba’s work is claimed to deliver “greater durability,” and that could also resonate with data center storage buyers and their TCO and reliability-focused decision-making.

More details Friday

Toshiba will be showcasing its new 12-disk stacking technology at the IDEMA Symposium on October 17, 2025, in Kawasaki, Japan. We expect to get some more technical data about its innovation there.

Even though SSDs have taken over as the primary choice for storage in desktop and mobile devices, hard drives are still the most sensible option when it comes to mass storage. From a value standpoint, you can store terabytes upon terabytes without breaking the bank and that's exactly the kind of deal we've hunted down for you today. Western Digital is putting its WD Gold 14 TB Enterprise-Class HDD on clearance for just $240, a generous $80 off from its list price. Just use the code WDGOLD at checkout to avail the discount.

• Check out this HDD deals on WD

WD Gold drives represent the company's highest-end offerings with the most amount of features. These are meant for data center and enterprise use cases, but they can still fit nicely in a NAS or for any other archival duty. While you don't get the OptiNAND cache functionality in the 14 TB variant, there's still 512 MB of cache onboard. Being a SATA III drive, you get up to 262 MB/s transfer rates with the motor spinning at 7200 RPM. WD's HelioSeal tech allows for low power draw as well, which makes this quite efficient. All of that is backed up by a 5 year warranty for further peace of mind.

In our review of the 22TB variant, the drive tested fairly well. We noted how it sits largely in the middle of the stack across benchmarks and performs competently. It can be the perfect drive for surveillance use at this price point, given the sheer amount of storage you get here. Furthermore, it has a 2.5 million hours MTBF rating and a workload rate limit (WRL) of 550TB per year, which is expected for a server drive. Sustained read/write speeds, along with random read/write speeds are all par for the course for such a large drive. It's not breaking any records, but it's reliable and, at this price, there's nothing better.

If you're looking for more savings, check out our Best PC Hardware deals for a range of products, or dive deeper into our specialized SSD and Storage Deals, Hard Drive Deals, Gaming Monitor Deals, Graphics Card Deals, or CPU Deals pages.

You might want a superfast M.2 SSD for gaming or booting Windows on your PC, but what if you just want the most economical storage solution possible? Seagate's BarraCuda range is synonymous with massive storage at low cost, and right now you can score its 24TB version for just $249 at Newegg, the cheapest this drive has ever been, and $10 less than the last time we highlighted it. 

With 7200 RPM speeds, this is a capacity-over-performance play, but a huge HDD like this is a great solution for those who just want to get as much storage as possible without paying a premium.

• Check out the Amazon Prime Big Deal Days sale

While we have previously reviewed the Seagate Barracuda 8TB HDD, the 24TB version, which is faster and doesn't use SMR tech, isn't a fair comparison. While not our favorite HDD by any stretch, you'll struggle to find this much storage for $249 anywhere else. To give you an idea, this is six times the capacity of a similarly priced 4TB M.2 SSD, and should be considered an economy-of-scale purchase accordingly.

As noted, a 7200 RPM HDD isn't a drive for those who want speed and performance, but the transfer speeds of up to 190 MB/s — and SATA 6GB/s connectivity — are respectable enough given the capacity.

The Seagate BarraCuda line is generally reliable, and crucially, this drive (unlike the aforementioned 8TB model) uses Conventional Magnetic Recording (CMR) technology as opposed to Shingled Magnetic Recording (SMR), avoiding some of the pitfalls of the latter. You'll also get a two-year limited warranty.

If you're looking for other hard drive deals during Prime Day, check out our Best Prime Day Hard Drive Deals 2025 article. For an even broader view of the best drives on the market, irrespective of sales, head to our list of best hard drives to see what's leading the market and get a better idea of what specs to look out for when shopping.

If you're looking for more savings, check out our Best PC Hardware deals for a range of products, or dive deeper into our specialized SSD and Storage Deals, Hard Drive Deals, Gaming Monitor Deals, Graphics Card Deals, or CPU Deals pages.

If you're a NAS or backup aficionado, then you've probably been scouring the tech sales for deals on some of the most popular HDDs to fill up your NAS systems. Luckily, there's a deal on Western Digital's largest capacity NAS HDD, but to grab this deal, there is a slight caveat. To save $140, you have to buy two of the 26TB drives.

Head to Western Digital's website and add two drives to the cart; you will then be able to see the price reduction. This makes the two WD Red Pro 26TB hard drives (model: WD260KFGX) cost $899.98. The individual price for each hard drive is $519.99 for a total of $1039.98 for two 26TB WD Red Pro drives before the discount is applied. The $140 saving equates to each drive costing $449.99, the lowest price we've ever seen for this high-capacity monster.

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Western Digital's WD Red Pro 26TB hard drive (WD260KFGX) is based on the company's latest 11-platter helium-sealed platform with a 7200 RPM spindle speed and OptiNAND technology. The drive leverages Western Digital's 2nd Generation energy-assisted perpendicular magnetic recording (ePMR 2) platform and uses conventional magnetic recording (CMR) for predictable performance in all workloads. Speaking of performance, the WD Red Pro 26TB boasts a 272 MB/s transfer rate.

The WD Red Pro is designed for high-performance and enterprise-grade NAS, so it is equipped to work in vibrating multi-user environments 24/7 and is rated for a 550TB workload per year. In particular, the hard drive comes equipped with rotation vibration sensors that foresee and automatically counteract turbulence caused by increased vibration and multi-axis shock sensors to detect shock events and proactively compensate them with the fly height technology.

So if you are looking to expand your storage capabilities, then this multi-purchase deal is definitely a way to save some money per individual drive at the cost of a greater initial outlay. If you're only after a singular HDD, check out our best Prime Day hard drive deals instead.

If you're looking for more savings, check out our Best PC Hardware deals for a range of products, or dive deeper into our specialized SSD and Storage Deals, Hard Drive Deals, Gaming Monitor Deals, Graphics Card Deals, or CPU Deals pages.

If you’re running out of space on your PC for archiving your files, but don’t need or want to deal with setting up a NAS, then an external hard drive is an easy and affordable solution. So, if you’re on the lookout for a great deal to expand your storage capacity, you can get the Western Digital 14TB Elements Desktop External Hard Drive at just $169.99 — back at an all-time low compared to the normal $279.99, giving you a $110 discount. This is a 39% saving off the MSRP. WD offers desktop HDDs of varying sizes, from 4TB all the way to 26TB. But the discount on the 14TB variant is so good that it’s cheaper than both the 12TB and 10TB models right now, so you'd better act fast if you need it because we're in the closing hours of the event.

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Western Digital makes some of the best hard drives on the market, so you won’t go wrong with the 14TB Elements Desktop eHDD. Although it’s not as fast as the best external SSDs you can buy today, the massive 14TB capacity and low price mean you’re only paying around one cent for every gigabyte of space. It uses USB 3.2 Gen 1, which is just around 5 Gbps, but it should be good enough for automated backup operations when you’re not using your computer.

Since this drive is just plug-and-play, you don’t have to worry about installing a special app to make the most out of it. So, even if you prefer using other software or already have a backup method in place, you don’t have to modify it if you’re adding this bigger drive to your workflow.

These drives are some of the most cost-efficient ways of backing up your data for long-term storage. They might not be as fast as an SSD, but they certainly deliver excellent value on a per-gigabyte cost basis. So, if you want to ensure that your files will stay safe and available to you years down the line, you'd better get these external hard drives while they’re on sale.

We are working hard to find the best computer hardware deals for you this Amazon Prime Day. We cover the hottest deals in real-time at our Best Amazon Prime Day Deals Live page. If you're looking for more savings, check out our Amazon Prime Day deals for a range of products, or dive deeper into our specialized SSD and Storage Deals, Hard Drive Deals, Gaming Monitor Deals, Graphics Card Deals, or CPU Deals pages.

Even though SSDs have largely eclipsed mechanical drives in today's PC landscape, they still hold an important position when it comes to mass storage — specifically for archival duties, such as a NAS. Usually, even hard drives can soar in cost when you scale the capacity; that's why scoring a deal can be really enticing in these one-and-done sort of purchases. We've spotted one such offer for you: Western Digital's 22TB WD Red Pro hard drive for just $400 on Amazon, a solid $50 less than its list price.

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The WD Red Pro, apart from its obviously gargantuan 22-terabyte capacity, is a very well-rounded hard drive. It's a standard 3.5-inch SATA-based offering driven by a 7200 RPM motor, rated for 550 TB/year workloads. It's optimized for RAID and features a multi-axis shock sensor that detects subtle shock events, allowing it to adjust operations on the fly to compensate for any sudden activity. We've tested the 20TB model of the WD Red Pro and provided a fair review a few years ago; this 22TB version is a slight upgrade — you can expect solid performance when it comes to sustained workloads.

Moreover, the Red Pro features Western Digital's OptiNAND technology, which is similar to DRAM on modern SSDs, a small amount of flash (512 MB in this case) reserved to speed up operations and add longevity. Pair that with a transfer rate of up to 265 MB/s, and this is a fast drive, especially for HDDs. It also uses CMR instead of SMR, offering predictable performance, which is particularly helpful for a NAS that undergoes frequent rewrites. WD backs all that up with a 5-year warranty for added peace of mind. It's a strong package that combines all the features with the right price to form the perfect NAS deal.

If you're looking for more savings, check out our Best PC Hardware deals for a range of products, or dive deeper into our specialized SSD and Storage Deals, Hard Drive Deals, Gaming Monitor Deals, Graphics Card Deals, or CPU Deals pages.

HDDs aren’t dead yet, and thus today we can celebrate the aging spinning rust data storage medium’s 69^th birthday. On this day in 1956, IBM announced the RAMAC 350 Disk Storage Unit, packing an awe-inspiring 3.75MB of data across 50 magnetic platters, each spanning 24-inches in diameter and spinning at 1,200 RPM. This magnetic disk-based storage, which earned the nickname the ‘baloney slicer,’ was designed to partner with IBM’s RAMAC 305 mainframe vacuum-tube based computer system.

RAMAC is short for Random Access Method of Accounting and Control. The IBM RAMAC 305 computer system paired with the 350 disk, for its high speed random access to information, and delivery of “exponentially faster” performance and efficiency vs prior storage technologies.

This innovation was revolutionary for businesses, who often used on systems reliant on punch cards, for example. RAMAC 350 would allow businesses to get rid of their old tub files full of punch cards, and many human filing operatives. IBM’s historical blog post about the RAMAC notes the device became the “progenitor of all hard disk drives… paved the way for the invention of the relational database… and ultimately laid the groundwork for everything from spaceflight and ATMs to search engines and e-commerce.”

In some of the old images and videos showing off the RAMAC 350 you can see operators feeding it punch cards. The 3.75MB of storage this direct hard disk ancestor put on random-access tap was equivalent to approximately 62,500 punch cards – or about five million characters of text.

IBM refined the RAMAC 350 by working on the seek speeds of the multi-arm read/write heads across all its huge platters. Only after it achieved 800ms data seeking perfromance did the first of these disk storage units get rolled out to customers.

Though its digital data storage capacity seems tiny when compared to modern technologies, the RAMAC 350 was incredibly bulky. So indeed, when it was rolled out, it actually had to be rolled around like a piano.