Microsoft, the tech giant that is building 35 data centers around the U.S. and has plans for 134 more, has reportedly met with the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy and the National Security Council as the FCC is considering an import ban on Chinese optical transceivers. According to Reuters, the company, alongside the Information Technology Industry Council (ITI), is lobbying against the move.

“It really threatens to arguably grind (the data center rollout) to a halt,” ITI Executive Vice President of Policy and General Counsel John Miller said. He also added, “Those chips, without optical transceivers, literally could just sit there waiting around unutilized until you actually have the transceivers to essentially connect them together,” referring to the AI chips that data centers use.

Optical transceivers are tiny modules plugged into hardware that convert their electrical signals into light signals, allowing data to be transmitted as light pulses across fiber optics. Data centers increasingly use optical transceivers and fiber optics to transmit data between AI GPUs and server racks, as they’re faster, offer lower latency, require less power, and generate less heat compared to traditional copper connections. However, Chinese companies currently supply 66% of the global market, meaning banning them from supplying data centers in the U.S. would more than halve the available supply, thereby exacerbating the various shortages that have been pummeling the industry.

However, there are concerns that some of these transceivers could be compromised by Beijing and be used to steal data, install malware, or remotely disrupt American data centers, which is why the FCC is considering the restriction, just like how it banned Huawei from the U.S. telecommunications network. But unlike Huawei, which had many established competitors in the telecommunications hardware industry, only two U.S.-based companies produce optical transceivers that data centers need — Coherent and Lumentum. While these firms could produce optical transceivers to compete with Chinese offerings, they simply do not have the scale to make up for the shortfall if the FCC bans Chinese imports today.

One compromise floated by the Trump administration is that it would only ban Chinese optical transceivers capable of hitting 3.2 terabits per second. While this technology already exists, its production isn’t expected to expand until 2028, with installation not beginning until 2029. This should give American producers time to ramp up their own output, although the suggestion is still under consideration.

Microsoft VP Scott Hanselman has revealed a new open-source GitHub project called gputaskman. The name neatly encapsulates the headline role of this tool, a GPU-focused task manager, but its scope might be broader than you expect. This new tool for Windows, Linux, and macOS can show per-process GPU usage, VRAM consumption, active runtimes, and many more stats. It also breaks out AI/LLM task-specific information.

On social media, Hanselman snappily makes clear the technical itch that gputaskman was designed to scratch. “There's a lot going on in my GPU,” wrote the prominent public face of Microsoft's developer ecosystem. “I'm making a GPU Taskman to get insights to where my GPU memory is going.”

There are several example screenshots of GPU Taskman in use by the Microsoft VP. They clearly show the kinds of data that are presented in the terminal-like display that pops up in the tool. Hanselman’s tweet shows that the most VRAM-hungry app on his RTX 4080S system is the desktop windows manager. That is selected in the list, and more details are shown for this task at the bottom of the window. Also, we see AI/LLM apps consuming VRAM, and a few Windows staples.

In a GitHub-embedded image, we see what details are broken out when the llama-server.exe app is selected in the list. The bottom of the window breakdown reveals that Qwen3-0.6B is being used, and there’s a breakdown of its weights, the KV cache, the number of parameters, and more. Very informative.

As the Microsoft developer has made portable Windows downloads of the latest v0.3.0 release of gputaskman, I couldn’t resist giving it a spin. Upon launch, I found that no tasks were using the discrete GPU in my laptop… so I fired up ye olde Unigine Valley GPU benchmark to stir the RTX 4060 from its slumber. I note the live-streaming charts showing GPU load, VRAM use, temperature, and so on are more prominent in my screenshot than in Hanselman’s examples. Perhaps he screen-shotted a previous version of the tool.

There’s a lot more information about gputaskman, its inner workings, and even its source code, on the linked GitHub repository. Hanselman is sharing his “experimental software” tool under the permissive MIT license. Finally, in social media comments, he hints that expanded GPU monitoring capabilities could be coming to Windows as standard.

Amsterdam police have arrested 150 to 200 protesters at a Microsoft data center site on suspicion of trespassing. According to a Facebook post by the authorities [machine translated], tools designed for breaking into the site were seized from the protesters, who were then allowed on their way to protest peacefully. However, it appears that some members of the group decided to enter the construction site “with violence” anyway, forcing the police to intervene and leading to their arrest. There were also some allegedly stolen items from the construction site found among the belongings of some of the protesters, plus damage and vandalism done to the data center site.

This protest is a continuation of the action that started last Friday, where protesters breached the Microsoft data center, which was being owned by Pure Data Centers. It is also the first of many organized by the “Stop Dirty Data Centers” coalition across Europe, with actions planned for Amsterdam, Dublin, Warsaw, Denmark, and several other cities across the continent. The Dutch publication NOS [machine translated] identified the exact group at the site today as Fossielvrij, who are against the use of fossil fuels in data centers such as the jet engines that Elon Musk installed at xAI’s Mississippi data center.

“Gas prices are going through the roof, and new houses are being postponed because of the overcrowded power grid. Yet tech billionaires like Elon Musk and Jeff Bezos are building energy-guzzling, hideous data centers,” the group said on its website. “We can take back the power of Big Tech by pressing the pause button now. Give us the opportunity to democratically decide what we do and do not use AI for, so that it is not at the expense of our living environment and everything that makes our lives beautiful. Then we look at how many more data centers are needed.”

The protest comes amid the AI data center build-out, which has been facing increased opposition across the United States. A Google data center site in Finland is also in trouble after it cleared out around 1,300 acres worth of forest and trees without an environmental impact assessment, displacing wildlife, and leading to a criminal probe on Tuike Finland Oy, the Google subsidiary in charge of the site.

Fossielvrij’s action was supposed to be peaceful, but it appears that another group joined the demonstration and broke through the fences around the site, leading to the police confrontation. The suspects were arrested for domestic violence and then taken to a cell complex, where it will be decided if they will be detained longer. The police also said that “All suspects will be heard afterward.”

Running your own email server is one thing. Keeping it alive for nearly three decades is quite another. One homelab enthusiast has finally decided to call time on his Microsoft Exchange installation after maintaining it since 1999, replacing the last remaining server with Postfix on Ubuntu Server LTS. The user, posting as Meta4X on Reddit’s r/homelab on November 5, said they had already moved their mailboxes and email delivery to Microsoft 365 a couple of years ago. Exchange was still hanging around, however, serving as a relay for alerts generated by hardware and software on their local network. With that final job now being handed to Postfix, the 27-year run is coming to an end.

Meta4X’s installation began with Exchange 5.5 running on Windows NT 4. Since then, they have upgraded through Exchange 2000, 2003, 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016 and finally Exchange 2019. They said access to Microsoft’s software through MSDN, TechNet and the Microsoft Action Pack had allowed them to keep the setup running over the years. The end of support for Exchange 2019 last year was one reason to consider keeping the server around. Microsoft has since moved its on-premises Exchange platform to Exchange Server Subscription Edition (SE), which comes with ongoing licensing requirements. That said, the transition is not quite as straightforward as the original post suggests.

In the post, the Redditor shared a photo from 2003, when they upgraded from Exchange 2000 to Exchange 2003. The server did not have a conventional PC case, and its motherboard was strapped to the cardboard box it came with using zip ties.

One commenter pointed out that existing Exchange 2019 licenses can be used with Exchange SE under qualifying licensing arrangements. Meta4X admitted that they did not know that, adding that they were probably better off not knowing. “I did not know that, thank you! In hindsight, I'm glad I wasn't aware because I probably would have put off killing Exchange,” they wrote. In other words, the server was not necessarily being retired because there was no way to keep it licensed. The move gave its owner an opportunity to finally get rid of a system that had outlived its original purpose.

For context, the replacement is Postfix, an open-source mail transfer agent that will run on Ubuntu Server LTS. The enthusiast is also using the migration to address several pieces of technical debt that have accumulated during the server’s long life. “Moving to Postfix is a good opportunity to implement STARTTLS, move to Let's Encrypt certificates, implement boot encryption, and eliminate a bunch of other technical debt that has accumulated over the past 20+ years,” Meta4X explained.

STARTTLS upgrades an ordinary SMTP connection to an encrypted TLS connection, while Let’s Encrypt provides publicly trusted certificates that can be renewed automatically. Boot encryption adds another layer of protection by securing data on the system drive. These are planned improvements, though — the Reddit post does not establish that the new configuration is already fully deployed. Meanwhile, Postfix is hardly the only destination for Exchange refugees. Several commentators said they had moved Mailcow, while another recommended Grommunio as an alternative for people who still want to keep their mail infrastructure on-premises. Others were more than happy to leave email hosting to Microsoft and other cloud providers.

That said, the move to Postfix does not necessarily make email security a solved problem. Postfix’s own documentation explains that enabling TLS can encrypt SMTP sessions, but administrators still need to configure certificate handling and decide how connections should behave when a remote server does not support encryption. We have previously reported on a vulnerability in Exim that exposed millions of email servers, showing how flaws in mail transfers can put systems at risk. Ransomware has particularly been a headache, exploiting vulnerabilities in Microsoft Exchange. A more recent report highlights how Outlook silently falls back to unencrypted email connections

A Microsoft data center under construction in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, has been overrun by about a hundred protesters, with some carrying placards saying, “Screw your data center.” According to Reuters, the “Stop Dirty Data Centers” coalition is planning actions across 16 countries on November 6 and 7, 2026, including Amsterdam, Dublin, Warsaw, and another Microsoft site in Denmark.

Pure Data Centers, which owns the Amsterdam data center, said, “We respectfully ask those on site to leave safely and engage with us in dialogue about the development and any concerns they may have.” The report also quoted Microsoft saying that it understood the strong feeling that people have and respected their right to peaceful expression but says that it does not condone any unlawful action.

"On 6-7 November 2026 we are taking action across Europe to say Stop Dirty Data Centres," the group's website reads. "Local communities are rising up to stop dirty data centres where they live. We will unite and exercise our democratic rights to speak out, assemble, and protest to hold elected officials to account. We’re calling for an immediate moratorium on large data centres in Europe!" A map on the site shows actions planned at 85 locations across Europe over the coming days.

The group cited a list of concerns about "the explosion of AI data centres across our towns and cities," and claims to be joining to prevent "the irreparable harms data centres pose to the wellbeing of people and planet." They cite local communities, jobs, housing shortages and rising energy bills, the climate crisis, heatwaves and water shortages, big tech undermining democracies, the mental health crisis, increased surveillance and the erosion of privacy, securitization and militarization, and a toxic supply chain as motivations.

Data center opposition is one of the issues that has taken center stage in the U.S. midterm elections, with Americans overwhelmingly voting against them. It seems that resistance isn’t limited to the United States, though, as European countries take measures to limit their unlimited development. For example, Google has been hit with a criminal probe after its Finnish subsidiary, Tuike Finland Oy, allegedly destroyed 816 acres of forest without a permit. Denmark has also hit the brakes on data center grid connection requests as total applications exceed 60GW, more than eight times the country’s current peak power consumption. One Italian council also a 200% tax on data center development in agricultural land to encourage developers to reuse old industrial areas instead.

The Stop Data Center coalition claims that it isn’t against progress or that it wants to close down existing projects. Instead, it wants AI data center construction to be held until governments have established clearer rules on their development so that they do not have leave a negative impact on the environment and the people living around them. “AI, of course, is a super important ​technology and we ⁠need to have our own capacity,” EU tech chief Henna Virkkunen told the publication. But she also added that “it's very important for citizens that they can trust that their energy bills are not skyrocketing and there are not electricity blackouts because of ⁠data centers, ​or they are not destroying the environment with these projects.”

A technology enthusiast claims that the oldest GUI application that still runs on Windows 11 is CDPLAYER.EXE from November 1992. The app had to run on Microsoft’s newest consumer OS without modifications or emulation involved to be chosen as the ‘winner’ of their experiment. Blogger Enlyth expected something from the early NT era, as Windows 11 doesn’t support 16-bit apps, despite its strong backward compatibility. Finding an app that is almost 34 years old that still works with a simple double-click is a remarkable result.

At the beginning of their journey to find the oldest Windows UI app that just works on Microsoft’s newest OS, Enlyth confirmed FREECELL.EXE from February 1993 would still run without issues. This game was distributed alongside the Win32s environment, designed to allow some 32-bit applications to run on the 16-bit operating systems like Windows 3.1 and 3.11. Win32s was made available in beta in October 1992, but went mainstream in July 1993.

A tip Enlyth received via a tech forum suggested that FREECELL.EXE was a candidate for the oldest GUI app remaining compatible with Windows 11. However, the blogger wasn’t satisfied with this easy win and dug through “some early NT 3.1 pre-release versions that seemed promising.” Build 347 caught the detective’s eye, specifically CDPLAYER.EXE, linked on Nov 16, 1992. That indeed seems to be the earliest GUI app that works without modification or emulation on Windows 11. But this knowledge almost defied Enlyth’s eye as their system is, like many modern systems, optical-drive-less. Luckily, adding a small DLL (cdemu.dll) allowed Enlyth to emulate a CD drive and demonstrate that the 1992-era application still functions as intended.

I wanted to verify that CDPLAYER.EXE was still usable on the latest Windows 11 release. Unfortunately, the multi-part.ARJ archive of Windows NT 3.1 that I found on Archive.org threw up errors when I tried to pick through its contents. I have a USB-attached optical drive that plays CD audio in Windows 11, so I thought I could get CDPLAYER.EXE to run without any extra DLL.

Lastly, Enlyth wanted to push the envelope a little and see what even more ancient Windows apps might work if they got some help from the Winevdm project on 64-bit Windows. “Using otvdm does feel like cheating,” admitted the digital sleuth, and we’d agree. However, being able to run 16-bit apps in Windows 11 ratcheted back the wheels of time. The result was that Enlyth managed to enjoy “a fully playable version of REVERSI.EXE dated 15-Nov-1985.” That’s a GUI-driven game distributed as part of Windows 1.01 and is roughly 41 years old.

Microsoft has offered voluntary buyouts to around 60,000 employees across the United States, Canada, India, and the United Kingdom. The employees, who must have an experience level of 70 or below, make up around 27% of the company's total workforce of 223,000 people, a CNBC report notes. This move comes hot on the heels of a similar move in April when the company announced its first-ever voluntary retirement program. That program was open to around 7% of the company's U.S.-based workforce, but it pales in comparison to this latest move. That time around, more than 30% of those eligible for the program took advantage of it.

The "Voluntary Exit Offer" was announced via a post on the Microsoft blog, penned by Amy Coleman, Microsoft's executive vice president in charge of people. "The Voluntary Exit Offer reflects an important part of how we’re evolving our approach to change: creating greater flexibility and, where possible, more ways for employees to shape their next chapter," Coleman explained, going on to say that the move "builds on what we learned" following the retirement program that was launched earlier in the year. Operationally, Coleman added that those who are eligible for the new program will receive an email with all of the relevant details today.

While the blog post points out that the Voluntary Exit Offer is a time-limited, voluntary program, the fact that it comes so soon after April's retirement program is notable. Companies run programs like this when they are looking for ways to slash their wage bills, something that Microsoft knows all about. The company is in the midst of an Xbox "reset" that includes a plan to cut 3,200 jobs by the end of the year. The company has also seen some studios close, with others merging and yet more being cut adrift to pursue life as independents.

As for why Microsoft has chosen now to make cuts, all fingers point to its ongoing AI data center plans. Last year, it announced plans to open the "world's most powerful" AI data center. Fairwater, in Mount Pleasant, Wisconsin, is now operational, with Microsoft lauding its closed-loop cooling system amid ongoing concern over the impact of data centers on local communities. Since 2023, Microsoft, Amazon, Google, and Meta have spent more than $1 trillion on AI infrastructure. AI data center investment is expected to skyrocket to $32 trillion by 2050, with Microsoft among those spending big.

All of this money has to come from somewhere. For Microsoft, at least some of that looks set to come from global salaries. It's unlikely this will be the last cost-cutting measure put forth by Microsoft execs, with Coleman adding that this voluntary exit program is just one "of the ways we’re trying to meet different business needs while continuing to create opportunities for our own people to grow and contribute."

China-state-aligned actor Storm-0940 used ARTEX, an open-source agentic AI penetration testing framework, in its large-scale ConnectWise supply chain attack, Microsoft wrote in its Security blog. After unauthorized access to the multi-tenant application, the group attempted sign-ins at more than 2,250 Microsoft 365 tenants, with stolen ConnectWise app credentials that authenticated as the apps with no interactive user sign-in. Some of the group’s attacks reached privileged access less than three hours after initial targeting.

Automated password guessing, or password spraying, also targeted 327 accounts across eight organizations with more than 151,000 failed logons and no successes. The use of ARTEX, “a system of LLM-driven agents that run an autonomous penetration test,” sped up scanning and reconnaissance, password spraying, and OAuth application abuse. The agents can work around the clock “with little needed human interaction,” at a pace that “leaves defenders with little time to detect and respond.” It’s uncertain how the ConnectWise credentials were stolen or how many tenants were actually compromised.

Storm-0940, active since 2021, is a “China-state aligned actor” with “no known industry aliases,” and its name follows the convention for a developing actor. Industries targeted this time include aerospace and defense, semiconductor, government, and think tanks, with 14 listed in total. The activity “did not result from a compromise of or a vulnerability” in Microsoft’s systems, products, or services.

At its peak on Oct. 11, the password spray engaged in 2,900 attempts, all failures, per minute, at more than 111,000 for that day, with 48 accounts logging more than 1,000 failures each. Almost 98% of this activity was locked out. However, with control of the identities of multiple ConnectWise cloud apps, the attacking AI agents signed in to customer tenants from the same IP range using those apps’ credentials, with more than 200 sign-ins in under four minutes using four application credentials. Operations taken within some tenants include Graph and directory operations, reconnaissance, app credential changes, plus changes to identities, groups, and privileged roles.

In one tenant on Oct. 15, Huntress, a security firm, saw an app add itself to the top administrator role, the behavior behind the Microsoft Defender alert “Application self-assigned Global Administrator role.” Actions included planting new secrets set to expire in 2028. It confirmed unauthorized sign-ins for 162 tenants by Oct. 16 and, a day later, almost 1,000 Entra tenants with sign-in activity from the attacking IP, with more than 300 succeeding. The attack’s sweep through tenants in sorted order, a few seconds apart, indicated “a script working from a target list.”

What differs from many traditional attacks is the use of the open-source pentest framework that, Microsoft says, can use any AI model. Threat actors in multiple regions are using the technology, and public reporting this month tied it to breaches at South Korean financial institutions. CrowdStrike said the suspect in those separate attacks was likely based in China and allegedly used ARTEX with Anthropic’s Claude Code. ARTEX’s developer, who goes by the handle “Autumn-27,” said on GitHub that the ARTEX project “will no longer be updated” and would become closed source, Reuters reported.

ConnectWise noted the unauthorized access and suspended Cloud Backup (formerly SkyKick) as well as SaaS Security and Cloud Management as a precaution. It has started a phased restoration with recovery expected to take several days and has no indicators to date that partner backup data was compromised. Microsoft notes that an affected app, or even a successful sign-in, doesn’t necessarily mean data was accessed or taken, and advises customers to keep affected app connections disabled until formal restoration instructions are issued, and to review activity from this month where logs allow.

It's been a few years since we've seen a Surface focused on performance. With Nvidia's entry into mobile SoCs, Microsoft is one of several hardware partners that have developed an ultra-premium PC designed around the RTX Spark.

The Surface Laptop Ultra is the most beautiful laptop Surface has ever produced. The screen is gorgeous. The port selection is strong, and the metal chassis feels luxurious. It's heavy, but that's the price of cooling an SoC designed to run AI models.

This is also one of the first Windows on Arm laptops that isn't using a Qualcomm chip. It benefits greatly here from years of work by Microsoft and Qualcomm, and hopefully Nvidia's involvement raises the bar for everyone. Windows on Arm works better here than ever before.

And yet, this system is expensive. If you want to run mobile AI workloads on the go, you will see, the Surface Laptop Ultra is a serious contender. But if you're just a Windows power user, you won't get a ton out of RTX Spark besides better software and gaming compatibility than previous Arm-based laptops. This is a lovely laptop waiting for Windows 11 to catch up to it.

Design of the Microsoft Surface Laptop Ultra

The Surface Laptop Ultra is, without a doubt, the nicest system that Microsoft has ever built. The company has made some nice designs across both its Surface Pro and Laptop lines, but the Laptop Ultra really is something else.

The Ultra very much looks like Surface Laptops of old, with a spartan design, including a tone-on-tone reflective Microsoft logo. Our system came in Microsoft's new "nightfall" color (a very dark shade of gray), though a more traditional platinum is available in select configurations. The aluminum chassis is rock solid.

The keyboard deck is just as spare, with room for a large haptic touchpad and backlit chiclet keys. The Mini-LED display has a minimal bezel surrounding it.

Unfortunately, the closed laptop is difficult to open with one hand. It's doable, but you have to really get a grip with your thumb, and there's no cut-out notch for easy lid lifting.

The bottom of the laptop is on a bit of a pedestal, likely to make room for cooling. It reminds me a lot of the Surface Laptop Studio, which also had the main part of the chassis on top of a raised portion covered in vents.

There's a ton of ports on the Ultra. My favorite are three USB4 Type-C ports, each of which supports 140W charging, 40 Gb/s data transfer, DisplayPort 2.1, and fast charging. In addition, there's also an HDMI 2.1b port, USB Type-A 3.1, an SD card reader, and a headphone jack. Wirelessly, connectivity is based around Wi-Fi 7 and Bluetooth 5.4.

But the system is heavy. The 4.4-pound laptop feels premium, but it’s also extremely noticeable in a backpack. Apple's 14-inch MacBook Pro with its top-end M5 Max chip is nearly a pound lighter, at 3.56 pounds. And that's before you add in Microsoft's 140W charger.

Microsoft Surface Laptop Ultra Specifications

Magnetic Connect Charger

I've long loathed Microsoft's Surface Connect chargers. They fall out easily and take up space that could be useful for other ports. Microsoft's new charger for the Surface Laptop Ultra, Magnetic Connect, is far superior.

It works much like Apple's MagSafe, but with a small USB-C-shaped stub that fits into just the USB-C port on the top right, which is wider than your traditional port. (That also means that this charger doesn't fit in the other USB-C ports). There are magnets on both sides of the port, and the stub fits partway into the port to deliver power. If you trip over the cord, it should come out with pulling a laptop off a desk or table.

But the connection is also strong and satisfying to click into place. Unlike Surface Connect, I never worried it would come loose. You can still charge with a standard USB-C cable on any USB-C port on the laptop.

Because Magnetic Connect is a bit larger than a standard USB-C port, I did find some devices, like my go-to USB stick, dangling a bit out of the port, but there are two other USB-C options here if you don’t want to deal with that.

Productivity Performance on the Surface Laptop Ultra

The Surface Laptop Ultra we reviewed came with a top-end RTX Spark N1X chip, including 20 CPU cores, 6,144 CUDA cores, 32GB of unified memory, and 1TB of storage.

We compared this system to a MacBook Pro running an M5 Max, a Dell XPS 16 with Intel's "Panther Lake" Core Ultra X7, an Asus Zenbook A16 with Qualcomm's Snapdragon X2 Elite Extreme (a fellow Windows on Arm machine), and the Asus TUF Gaming A14 with an implementation of AMD's Strix Halo in a laptop.

On Geekbench 6, the Surface earned a single-core score of 3,151 and a multi-core score of 20,203. That fell well short of the MacBook Pro, and also proved less than the Snapdragon X2 Elite Extreme-based machine — at least, in this bursty workload.

When it came to transcoding a 4K video to 1080p in Handbrake, the Surface Laptop Ultra was the fastest, beating the MacBook Pro by one second. The next closest, the Zenbook with Snapdragon, came in at 2:08. Panther Lake fell behind hard here.

The Surface Laptop Ultra was speedy when it came to transferring files, completing a 25GB transfer at a rate of 1,998.59 MBps. The MacBook Pro took the crown, though, at 3,835.38 MBps.

On our Cinebench R26 gauntlet, running the rendering test 10 times, the Surface was largely consistent. Running in the mid 6,700's with the system's beefy cooling. Cinebench estimates that the RTX Spark CPU runs at 2.81 GHz. In our testing, the cores reached 3.35 GHz, on average, during this test, though HWinfo, which we use for logging, isn't yet updated to discriminate between the 10 performance and 10 efficiency cores.

For AI testing specifically, check out our RTX Spark N1X platform overview from GPU guru, Jeffrey Kampman, which highlights the difference between RTX Spark and M5 Max ( spoiler alert, RTX Spark often won). Just note, his unit had 128GB of RAM, while our 32GB of memory was tight for AI. With the 12GB of memory this review unit had dedicated out of the box for the GPU (you can adjust it), I needed to opt for smaller models like Google's Gemma 4 12B or Qwen 3.6 35B Q2 to run in a harness like Hermes.

Gaming and Graphics on the Microsoft Surface Laptop Ultra

The RTX Spark has a GPU with 6,144 CUDA cores. For the average Windows user, you really just need to know this: yes, it can play games.

This is a big deal for Windows on Arm. Gaming has made decent strides on Snapdragon, but it never came far enough. Unsurprisingly, there is much better support with Nvidia on board. Nvidia and Microsoft have more games coming natively (Call of Duty is coming for RTX Spark platforms next year), while Microsoft's Prism emulator, which emulates x64 instructions for Arm64, has gotten much better, including working with more games with anti-cheat.

I've been playing a lot of God of War: Ragnarok in my spare time, so I tried it on the Spark to see how it works. At 2560 x 1440 with ultra settings and DLSS, the game ran between 41 and 47 frames per second during an ambush fight in Vanaheim. When I switched down to 1080p with the same settings, it ran anywhere between 51 fps and 79 fps.

I did experience one glitch: one time, when I paused the game, a Steam menu started showing through the game window. So while it was otherwise a good experience, there's still some work to be done.

Still, not all of our standard gaming laptop benchmarks worked. Red Dead Redemption 2, for instance, would not run.

On Shadow of the Tomb Raider at highest settings at 1080p, the Surface ran the game at 89 FPS, beating out the TUF Gaming A15 with Ryzen AI Max+ 392. But a much cheaper Gigabyte Aero X16 won at 109 fps at 1080p and 64 fps at 4K.

In Cyberpunk 2077 at very high settings, the Surface and Aero X16 were neck and neck, running at 32 fps and 34 fps at 1080p, respectively.

On Far Cry 6, the Surface hit 56 fps at 1080p, but the Aero X16 did 85 fps at 1080p and 70 fps at 4K.

For more gaming details, check out our RTX Spark platform overview.

Is Windows even ready for this?

Windows on Arm has been a mixed bag for a long time. It saw massive growth between the first and second generations of Snapdragon X chips, and the RTX Spark feels like a more polished platform from all the work that has been done before. Nvidia's own expertise and influence surely added to that, as well.

But Windows on Arm is still not perfect. There are some apps that don't work exactly, and some parts of Windows even still feel laggy compared to x86.

There are far more native apps than ever before, including all of the major browsers, VLC, Spotify, Slack, Microsoft Office, LibreOffice, Blender, DaVinci Resolve, Dropbox, Visual Studio, Zoom, and more, and Nvidia has more games working than ever before.

Most of Adobe's software, including After Effects, Photoshop, Lightroom, and Premiere, are Arm-native now. But InDesign, Illustrator, and Lightroom Classic are still running via emulation, so they may not be as speedy or stable.

Windows 11 includes an emulator, Prism, that runs apps built for x86 processors and converts the instructions, which does take care of a lot of the rest. But some advanced professional tools, like AutoCAD, aren't considered officially supported, though emulation may still work.

The other issue — which will probably never be totally cleared up — is for those who are using legacy peripherals that require drivers. The same goes for old software that is no longer updated.

But what isn't here yet is glaring: anything in Windows itself to take advantage of a chip that is designed to be an AI powerhouse. There's no sign of Nvidia OpenShell running in Windows 11 (26H1 came on the review unit, which is specific to Windows on Arm). Even the new Copilot hasn't rolled out broadly yet, and the Autopilot feature for a persistent agent isn't ready in time for launch. Microsoft's recently revealed feature that uses plain language search in the taskbar isn't here yet, and while that doesn't need Spark, it would at least have been an AI-specific change to Windows in time for this AI chip to make a splash.

Some off these features can be accessed through the Windows Insider program, but they should have been ready for general availability for a launch this big. This isn't limited to the Surface laptop, but also machines from other OEMs like Dell, Asus, Lenovo, HP, and MSI.

There's nothing that RTX Spark does that makes Windows itself better yet. This is not an operating system designed for local AI, and it doesn't feel like one. If you're interested in local models and running them, Spark has plenty of power. But there's nothing new in this AI PC for regular people using Windows unless you put preview software on your PC. Microsoft built a gorgeous, capable laptop here, but if the average person (or even a power user who doesn't rely on AI models and wants the most stable version of Windows 11) bought one, they wouldn't get anything dramatically special in the Windows experience, at least for now.

Display on the Microsoft Surface Laptop Ultra

The 15-inch, mini LED screen on the Surface Laptop Ultra is really, really good. The 3:2, 2370 x 2180 panel gets exceptionally bright.

I'm talking "944 nits on our light meter" bright. That's so far above everything else (the MacBook Pro hit 529.4 nits) that we had to adjust the X axis on our chart. For most things I could see people using this type of laptop for, (which for me, involves a lot of dark mode), it's probably overkill.

When I watched the trailer for Avengers: Doomsday, the many shades of emerald green were vivid, and a white light surrounding Johnny Storm and his nephew Franklin Richards was nearly blinding.

The Surface's display covers 74.1% of the DCI-P3 gamut and 104.6% of the sRGB gamut, which is slightly behind every other system in the pack.

Keyboard and Touchpad on the Microsoft Surface Laptop Ultra

The keys on Microsoft's chiclet keyboard are a bit on the mushy side for my taste, but the keys don't bottom out. On the MonkeyType typing test, I reached 117 words per minute and a 98% accuracy rate.

The massive haptic trackpad feels great. It's smooth and responsive to Windows gestures. I liked the default "medium" sensitivity, but you can adjust it in Windows settings.

Audio on the Microsoft Surface Laptop Ultra

Microsoft outfitted the Surface Laptop Ultra with quad speakers with support for Dolby Atmos.

Listening to Chvrches new single, "Roses," I was impressed with the sheer amount of volume the Surface Laptop Ultra drove, easily filling a small room with sound, though it could get a bit muddled at the highest volumes. At more reasonable levels, vocals, drums, and even synths on the low end were all clear.

I did find the EQ to be too flat to my tastes. Microsoft doesn't include any audio customization software, though Dolby's software is available from the Microsoft Store.

Upgradeability of the Surface Laptop Ultra

At first, you might think you can't upgrade this laptop, as there are no visible screws on the Surface Laptop Ultra. Those are hidden underneath the feet, which you can pry off with a guitar pick or pry tool. There's no adhesive there, which is appreciated, though it's easy to ding up the soft feet. I wish Microsoft just used exposed screws.

Below those feet are recessed Torx T5 screws. From there, a pry in the vent lifts the whole bottom off, with no clips to deal with. Instead, parts of the bottom case are aligned with magnets.

Inside, the laptop looks great. It's clean and labeled with a variety of QR codes and symbols for part labeling, as well as which screws hold parts down. The battery also has a QR code that goes to the Service Guide, though the Laptop Ultra's isn't ready yet. It's nice to see the inside receiving as much care as the outside of the laptop.

The battery and the SSD appear to be the major replaceable parts. The latter is important, as Microsoft is only offering 1TB configurations of the Ultra as of this writing. But looking closely along the sides, you can also see that most of the ports are held in by screws, too. The RAM, of course, is part of the SoC, so that's non-negotiable; get what you need when you buy it.

While Microsoft puts fine print all over the place that only authorized service technicians are supposed to make repairs, it's nice to see the company has put so much work into precisely labeling the parts so that third-party technicians and enthusiasts can make some repairs or upgrades, too. Now we're just waiting for that repair manual.

Battery Life on the Microsoft Surface Laptop Ultra

The Surface Laptop Ultra isn't a battery life champion. At 10 hours and 43 minutes on our test, which involves web browsing, video streaming, and OpenGL tests over Wi-Fi at 150 nits of brightness, it can get through a day.

It just beat the Zenbook A16 (10:26) with Snapdragon X Elite and surpassed the TUF Gaming A14 (9:07) with Strix Halo. But the XPS 16 with Intel's Panther Lake ran for 13:03, and the MacBook Pro led the pack at 17:58.

That being said, like a gaming laptop, you won't want to run AI workloads unplugged for too long. Without making battery efficiency setting changes, you can easily see the battery icon drop quickly when running demanding tasks.

Heat on the Microsoft Surface Laptop Ultra

We took temperature measurements while running our Cinebench stress test. The Surface Laptop Ultra can get toasty.

The center of the keyboard reached 110 degrees Fahrenheit, which you can definitely feel on the keys, though the touchpad was cooler at 88.5 F. On the bottom, the hottest point reached 110 F.

The fans have the capacity to get quite loud, especially when utilizing the GPU. Having Hermes work on some coding projects created consistent fan noise.

Internally, HWinfo hasn't been updated to be clear on which sensors are measuring what. We could make educated guesses, but we'll have more specifics when the software is updated.

Webcam on the Microsoft Surface Laptop Ultra

The Surface Laptop Ultra features a 1080p webcam. Given the price, I would've liked to see even higher resolution. Many laptops, including several Arm-based competitors using Qualcomm chips, have nicer cameras.

Stills had some graininess to them, even in our well-lit office. But in the video I appeared crisp, with a color-accurate powder-blue shirt and some unfortunate gray hairs poking out of my brown hair.

An infrared camera adds support for Windows Hello.

Nvidia's RTX Broadcast has some neat effects that make this system better for streaming or video calls. Under video effects, you can use RTX Super Resolution and RTX Video Frame Generation to make for smoother, higher-quality images. Eye Contact is particularly good here, though I found that the virtual key light had a smoothing effect that made me look unrealistic, like a video game character. That being said, this all can push the GPU (especially the key light) and make the system run noisily during your calls.

Software and Warranty on the Microsoft Surface Laptop Ultra

Microsoft includes one major piece of software on top of Windows 11: the Surface app. It's a one-stop shop to check that your firmware is up to date, change your battery setting preferences, adjust the haptic touchpad, and customize the Copilot key. Much of this is available elsewhere.

The Nvidia App is also onboard to make customizations for gaming, update Nvidia's drivers, and adjust how much of the unified memory is reserved specifically for the GPU.

Otherwise, there are a few extras in the Start menu, including WhatsApp and LinkedIn.

Microsoft sells the Surface Laptop Ultra with a one-year warranty. If you purchase on Microsoft's website, Microsoft Complete for more protection starts at $249 for two years, $319 for 3 years, or $399 for four years, including coverage for hardware failures, battery wear, and accidental damage.

Microsoft Surface Laptop Ultra Configurations

The Surface Laptop Ultra has many configuration options. The system starts at $2,599.9 with a cut-down version of the RTX Spark, using an 18-core CPU and GPU with 5,120 CUDA cores, along with 24GB of RAM, a 512GB SSD, and Windows 11 Home.

Our review unit is a nice step up, using the version of RTX Spark N1X with a 20-core CPU and 6,144 CUDA cores, 32GB of RAM, a 1TB SSD, and Windows 11 Pro. That pushes the price to $3,699.99. (All systems with 24GB of RAM have Windows 11 Home, while 32GB through 128GB get Windows 11 Pro).

The highest-end configuration uses the same RTX Spark chip as our review unit, but features 128GB of unified memory and 1TB of storage. That's $5,899.99, and it sold out almost immediately during pre-orders on Microsoft's website.

Bottom Line

If you want the nicest Surface Laptop Microsoft has ever released, the Surface Laptop Ultra is for you. The system definitely copies the MacBook Pro in some areas, but is a luxury machine with a solid build, exceptionally bright display, a clever charging connector, and powerful components. It's the most exciting Surface hardware in years, and I hope it’s a signal that Microsoft is looking at the brand for more reinvention.

Nvidia's RTX Spark offers a decent CPU and a strong GPU, but it's also not a high-end gaming laptop. Where its strongest performance lies is in running local AI models, though that is a niche market right now. Windows on Arm, while not perfect, is better than it's ever been, and Nvidia is benefiting from years of work done before its entry into the market.

If you're a regular power user, you won't be getting any features in Windows that actually take advantage of the RTX Spark yet, unless you're diving into Windows Insider builds. If Microsoft has AI-grade hardware, it's time to start putting features into Windows that let everyone, not just people who care about local models, take advantage of this compute power. Some of those features should have been ready to show at launch.

And that's what you pay for with this machine — Nvidia's latest, a bunch of RAM, and a lovely design. This laptop is a status symbol, proof of either wealth, devotion to Surface hardware, or a serious interest in local AI. But it also suffers from a bit of an identity crisis, as Windows and RTX Spark aren't a true marriage feature-wise. This is a Copilot+ PC on steroids, where some software engineering and imagination could potentially allow the Surface and the other Windows-based RTX Spark PCs to be a new generation of computers. But we're not quite there yet.

Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang announced the RTX Spark platform with the grand ambition to “reinvent the PC” back at Computex 2026. By pairing the GB10 Superchip with a version of Windows on Arm tailored for the secure and contained execution of local AI agents, Nvidia and its partners at Microsoft, Dell, HP, MSI, Lenovo, and Asus are all hoping to pave the way to a future where the PC is an active, autonomous companion for work and creation.

The hardware foundation for that vision of the future is now in place. Last week, we flew out to San Francisco to get all the details on the RTX Spark platform, and we returned home with Microsoft’s Surface Laptop Ultra in top-end trim to put it all to the test.

This system has the full RTX Spark Superchip with 20 CPU cores and 6144 CUDA cores alongside 128GB of LPDDR5X-9400 RAM, and I’ve been putting it through its paces over the past week to see just what it can do.

The embargoes for the RTX Spark launch are a bit peculiar. Today, we’ll be sharing our broad experience with the Spark platform, as well as competitive performance evaluations, but not any system-specific results such as battery life, build or display quality, or other details of that nature. We have other RTX Spark laptops in the Tom’s Hardware labs, and detailed reviews of those systems will be coming soon.

No, this approach doesn’t make a lot of sense when the experience of a mobile platform is intimately and inextricably tied to the specific implementation of that chip in a particular laptop design. And we know that battery life is the first and foremost concern of many interested in this platform. But again, all that information is coming soon.

For this first round of testing, we compared the Microsoft Surface Laptop Ultra with RTX Spark against two systems. The first is a 14" MacBook Pro with Apple's highest-end M5 Max SoC inside. That Mac has a 40-core GPU and an 18-core CPU, as well as 128 GB of LPDDR5X RAM. We don't have a mobile Ryzen AI Max+ 395 system in the labs right now, but we do have AMD's compact Ryzen AI Halo as a source of fresh data with the latest ROCm stack and llama.cpp builds.

Local AI performance

Judging local AI performance is a constantly moving target, and this review is no different. Our past testing has exercised the prompt processing and token generation phases of AI inference separately, with the understanding that a system that's fast at both those phases provides the best experience.

But in an agentic workflow, that benchmarking technique doesn't capture the total time required to complete a task across all the inference turns needed to reach a particular goal. To capture that entire end-to-end time, the folks at Artificial Analysis have developed a new benchmark, AgentPerf-local, that precisely replays inference traces across several agentic AI tasks. The value of this approach should make immediate sense: the faster an AI agent finishes a job, the more productive a system can be.

So instead of presenting raw time-to-first-token and tokens-per-second figures, as we have in the past, we’re sharing time-to-completion values as we would for more traditional CPU and content creation benchmarks.

Again, local AI benchmarking is a continuous work in progress, so let us know what you think of this approach, and we’ll take that feedback into account as we continue to develop our methods.

We ran AgentPerf-local with two compatible models: the dense Qwen 3.8-27B, which is popular as one of the most intelligent local models available for its size, and the Qwen 3.6 35B A3B mixture-of-experts model, which is less intelligent but easier for a wide range of systems to run quickly. We used the latest build of llama.cpp as our inference backend and built it from source on each test system to take advantage of CUDA, Metal, or ROCm acceleration, as appropriate.

Let’s look at Qwen 3.8 27B’s behavior first. We used Unsloth’s Q4_K_M quantization of the model. We ran it with DFlash2 speculative decoding on the RTX Spark and MacBook Pro, and with Qwen 3.8 27B’s built-in MTP on the Ryzen AI Halo for the best performance.

As we found in our benchmarking of Apple's Mac Studio with the M4 Max SoC, memory bandwidth is only one constraint for local AI performance. Despite its memory bandwidth advantage on paper, the M5 Max MacBook Pro still ends up taking about 25% longer to finish the AgentPerf benchmark with Qwen 3.8 27B than the Surface Laptop Ultra with RTX Spark.

Part of that may be down to software maturity, but it's also worth remembering that our Surface Laptop Ultra is a 15" system with a much larger 140W power adapter versus the 14" MacBook Pro's 96W charger.

The 16" M5 Max MacBook Pro also comes with a 140W adapter, and we'd be curious to see whether the extra power and higher thermal headroom afforded by that system’s larger chassis help close the gap here. But in any event, the RTX Spark platform is the fastest overall at this task today.

Meanwhile, AMD's nearly two-year-old Ryzen AI Max+ 395 just can't keep up with either of these newer systems in this demanding test. It needs about twice as long to finish our agentic tests with Qwen 3.8 27B as either the RTX Spark or the MacBook Pro do, at a whopping 40 minutes.

The fact that the Ryzen AI Halo is a mini desktop form factor rather than a notebook doesn’t much matter to these results, as any power and thermal headroom that design might afford can’t possibly overcome the performance gap here.

Next up, we have the lighter-weight Qwen 3.6 35B A3B. We ran Unsloth’s Q4_K_M quantization of this model with MTP enabled.

The Surface Laptop Ultra ends up completing this test in just eight minutes, or about 25% faster than the 14” MacBook Pro’s 10 minutes. This test is also much friendlier to the Ryzen AI Halo, which finished the benchmark in a more reasonable 13 minutes. But that just emphasizes that you have to trade away model intelligence to get a reasonable level of performance out of Strix Halo.

AMD has recently gone on a publicity blitz to highlight the relatively low cost of entry for Strix Halo systems versus DGX Spark desktops and now RTX Spark laptops. But if time is money, and getting more intelligent tokens out of your local AI system faster means more potentially profitable agentic work gets done, then a more expensive system upfront will be able to do more of that work and potentially generate more value over time.

Gaming performance: first impressions

Despite its RTX branding and the emphasis Nvidia places on its 6144-CUDA-core GPU (or 48 SMs), the RTX Spark platform faces some tough challenges for gaming. Most games available today are not going to be natively compiled for its Arm CPU, and even for those that might be, the maximum 300 GB/s of shared memory bandwidth the platform offers is well below that of even the RTX 5060 Mobile's dedicated 384 GB/s feeding 26 SMs.

The entire GB10 SoC is competing for a relatively small amount of memory bandwidth, and because graphics is generally a memory-bandwidth-bound workload, that's not a great start for feeding all of those SMs in games.

I started my gaming explorations with Gears of War: E-Day. In this exceptionally CPU-heavy game, it's clear that the baseline performance of the Grace CPU cores and the added overhead of the Prism x86 emulator are doing this title no favors.

GPU utilization only reaches the 85% mark on average at a near-1080p (1908x1272) render resolution with the High preset and 2X framegen, and we saw at least one major hang during a map transition that was less than confidence-inspiring for an immersive experience as we progress further into the game.

Because of its CPU dependence, Gears is probably a worst-case scenario for this platform, but the fact remains that it's not a great experience, and turning down settings or lowering upscaling input resolutions just exacerbates the CPU-boundedness of this title. If any game could use a native Arm build, this is the one.

Control Resonant is significantly less dependent on the CPU, but that just means that the other potential gaming shortcomings of the RTX Spark Superchip seem to come into play.

After struggling a bit to achieve a solid frame rate and input latency at the Surface Laptop Ultra's native 3270x2180 output resolution even with DLSS upscaling, I found that running the game in windowed mode at 2560x1440 with DLSS Performance upscaling, the High preset, and MFG 3X to keep frame rates near the Surface Laptop Ultra's 120Hz refresh rate provided better results. (This system's tall 3:2 aspect ratio means that 16:9 fullscreen games don't cleanly scale up.)

But even then, input latency was above what I would consider acceptable on our standard GPU test rig, and enabling ray tracing at all dipped frame rates and spiked input latency even further, so I had to stick to raster-only rendering for the best results.

Overall, my early RTX Spark gaming verdict is that you can do it, and you can have a fine enough time, but it is not the primary focus of this platform. Gaming performance with the relatively limited memory bandwidth of the RTX Spark Superchip, combined with the system's CPU performance and the overhead of Prism emulation, mean that you'll be searching for a narrow range of settings where baseline frame rates, upscaling, image quality, and the smoothness boost of frame generation still yield acceptable input latency.

When I first approached gaming on this platform, I had expected that DLSS upscaling would be a required part of the experience, but in practice, you really need to lean on DLSS Frame Generation, as well, whether that's for added smoothness (as in Gears of War) or for both smoothness and the benefits of Nvidia Reflex due to developer choices behind the scenes (as in Control Resonant).

Even with Reflex, though, the Grace CPU generally seems to deliver input latencies significantly higher than I'm used to on our Ryzen 7 9800X3D test rig, and it's hard to get them much lower in these AAA titles by tweaking settings.

If you demand the lowest input latency and the highest performance with cutting-edge games, especially if you plan to enable RT, a separate gaming laptop with a dedicated RTX 50-series GPU will still provide a superior experience. And if you just don’t care about local AI at all, that advice applies even more strongly.

Bottom line

Nvidia's RTX Spark is an ambitious new PC platform for the traditional workloads of today and the potential agentic AI work of tomorrow. How often do we see an entirely new player try to elbow into the crowded and competitive PC space, especially one with a sweeping vision for how the PC will be used in the years to come? An incremental move this is not.

Our general performance tests and new agentic AI tests show that despite providing merely solid CPU performance and relatively low bandwidth for a unified memory architecture on paper, the Blackwell GPU on board GB10 has enough AI horsepower in practice to let the RTX Spark platform come out ahead of Apple's latest top-end M5 Max and AMD's Ryzen AI Max+ 395, aka Strix Halo, SoCs.

Whether you choose the highly intelligent dense Qwen 3.8 27B model and trade raw speed for intelligence, or make the opposite trade with the lighter and faster Qwen 3.6 35B A3B, the RTX Spark comes out on top. That bodes well for pairing popular agents like Hermes with intelligent local models on this platform.

But Nvidia's mission to reinvent the PC isn't a total grand slam in this first iteration.

First, this platform won't replace a dedicated gaming laptop. Even for those who only game on the side and have more forgiving standards for frame rates and input latency, the RTX Spark's gaming performance may not measure up to expectations.

When you put the overhead of Prism x86 emulation on top of the merely adequate performance of the Grace CPU, it’s clear that the Spark platform will have to work hard to keep up in the vast range of games that don’t have an Arm port.

The CPU-heavy Gears of War: E-Day is particularly unkind to the Prism-on-Grace stack, but even when a title like Control Resonant doesn't lean so heavily on the CPU, the limited and shared memory bandwidth of the GB10 SoC still poses an obstacle to cranking settings to the max despite the large amount of theoretical compute horsepower on tap.

We're also still waiting for Windows to fully catch up to Nvidia's ambitions for secure, manageable local agents. Our laptop expert Andrew Freedman and I couldn't test Microsoft's secure agentic AI promises within Windows 11, as the supporting features that Microsoft and Nvidia have promised to that end just aren't ready yet.

Still, for a first-generation mobile platform that joins complex silicon IP from multiple design teams onto one chip and relies on several OEM partners to bring it to life in highly integrated notebook form factors, the maturity of the RTX Spark platform is an impressive achievement. (Take it from someone who has seen a couple of rough product launches from the inside.)

Over the past week, I've been using the RTX Spark-powered Surface Laptop Ultra as I would any other Windows laptop, and aside from a couple of tiny paper cuts, I have mostly just gotten my work done as I would with any other computer. And that’s a great — albeit a very, very expensive — place to be as the local agentic AI future coalesces.

Perhaps the biggest challenge for the RTX Spark platform is that the eye-watering price tags for the range of systems available at launch still buy a lot of cloud tokens from OpenAI and Anthropic. Emphasis on a lot. The Surface Laptop Ultra we tested lists for $5899 with only 1TB of storage, and lead times for that system are already out to late December.

If you're not as concerned about keeping sensitive data out of those labs’ clouds, or you don't expect to run afoul of acceptable usage policies, you'll get much smarter tokens much faster than you will from a local token factory like the RTX Spark, and you can get them on most any reasonably powered traditional PC you have available.

But if you're surfing the AI wave on local hardware for reasons of privacy, offline model availability, freedom to tinker, or just because you think it's cool, the RTX Spark platform blends the memory capacity, compute performance, and software resources you need to get there with the familiarity and broad compatibility of Windows on top. The fact that Nvidia, Microsoft, and their partners have delivered such a capable, compatible, and polished platform even in its first at-bat should put the rest of the PC industry on notice.

Nvidia’s efforts to reshape personal computing will face strong headwinds in the immediate future from the sky-high DRAM and NAND price hikes that the company’s own Vera Rubin rollout is partially responsible for. Perhaps when the dust settles in the next two to three years, and products built around the next-generation RTX Spark Superchips arrive, we can more confidently assess whether the company has accomplished its goal.

For now, the RTX Spark feels like a platform for those who fervently believe that open AI models will continue to get more intelligent within relatively small memory footprints, and that those potential future improvements are worth a hefty chunk of change to get ready for today. Maybe that's a smart bet in a world where compute is an increasingly precious resource. But unless you're a true believer with cash to burn, our first impressions suggest that you should wait until Microsoft and Nvidia fully lay the software foundation needed for this platform to deliver on its promises.

The Nintendo 64 game Super Mario 64 has come to the Microsoft Zune HD, Hackaday reports, through a project that runs natively on the device’s hardware through the unofficial OpenZDK kit, per the repo’s README. A touchscreen controller overlay is drawn over the game’s video, and the game “plays (mostly) at full speed with sound, touch controls and saves,” from the rsheldiii repo, although no ROM is included and one dumped from your own cartridge is required. The Zune HD, a 2009-era media player that rivaled Apple’s iPod, has Nvidia Tegra hardware inside, and the project is built on sm64ex, a fork of the unofficial, decompiled Super Mario 64 PC port.

The Zune HD, part of our 2009 gift guide, was marketed as having a “3.3-inch glass screen” using OLED and touchscreen technology, from Microsoft’s media alert at the time, with Tegra providing the “multimedia muscle,” according to an Nvidia release. The unit was originally priced between $219.99 and $289.99, depending on capacity, and uses the Nvidia Tegra APX 2600 chip. The operating system is Windows CE-based, with third-party games going through Microsoft’s XNA. The Zune was short-lived, with Microsoft halting production in 2011, but an exploit led to OpenZDK coming out that allowed for homebrew.

The implementation depends on native ARM code on top of the Zune HD’s OS, using OpenZDK. The device’s firmware is not modified, but the port, according to the developer, should only be used “at your own risk,” a standard disclaimer. It leverages an OpenGL ES 2 renderer derived from Fast3D with prebuilt shader variants, using Nvidia’s cgc and shaderfix tools, because the Zune’s graphics driver can’t compile OpenGL Shading Language (GLSL) shaders. Blending is compiled into the fragment shaders as well, since the GPU lacks fixed-function blending hardware. These workarounds are what make the project interesting.

The game’s logic runs at 30 ticks a second, but some lag is present when the Zune is unable to keep up. There is also no official FPS number. The game renders at 480x272 in landscape, with the device rotated to match. The audio synthesis runs on its own thread at a higher priority than the game, so it is not impacted by a slower frame rate. The touch control overlay provides a facsimile analog stick as well as the A, B, Z, R, four C, and Start buttons, with customizability for button style and opacity.

The project itself relies on a Super Mario 64 decompilation effort completed by fans in 2019, with a C source that rebuilds a matching ROM. The decompilation doesn’t include all of the game’s assets, and extraction requires a copy of the game. The ROM is read on the PC during the build, and the finished game can later be moved over to the device through USB. The build runs on Docker in Linux, so no Windows PC is required. The repo has no releases, and the port, which applies 14 patches to a pinned version of sm64ex, has only been tested on firmware 4.5.

The full PC port arrived in May 2020, of which sm64ex is a fork with extra features, such as mouse look and a cheats menu. Nintendo’s legal representatives responded quickly, targeting “sites hosting the compiled version of the Mario 64 PC port” and at least one gameplay video, Video Games Chronicle reported. However, a number of ports have found their way out for the 3DS, Wii U, PS2, PlayStation and PS Vita, Dreamcast, Nintendo DS and DSi, the web, and now the Zune HD.

The project shows what could have been on the Zune HD had Microsoft been less restrictive with development. Ports are nothing new, but the number has been increasing lately, potentially due to the wider availability of powerful AI tools; the repo’s first commit ends “Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5,” so AI was used at least in part. An example of something different is a decent Doom port to an $8,000 Hasselblad X2D camera, born from firmware research, showing there are multiple pathways to the same goal.

Microsoft just made a major change to its storage policy affecting Microsoft 365 subscribers with shared accounts. According to the company, the Microsoft 365 Family, Premium, and Pro plans will move from an assigned 1TB of cloud storage for each user to a shared 2TB for all users. This means that a subscription shared across six users will have its total cloud storage capacity slashed by 66.6%. This change will take effect on subscription renewals after May 2, 2027, unless the subscribers change their plan earlier. Some affected subscribers might also receive bonus storage when their account switches to the share limit model, although the company did not mention its eligibility requirements.

The company said it made this change so that the cloud storage allocation for Microsoft 365 subscribers will automatically go where it’s needed, and that individual users are less likely to hit individual storage limits. Aside from that, it also said that unused storage can benefit the entire family, and that any additional storage that the main subscriber purchases will benefit everyone.

This new setup is indeed advantageous for subscribers who only have one power user that uses up the majority of the cloud storage capacity, while all the rest take up a fraction. It would also be cheaper for an individual who intends to use more than 1TB of cloud storage to just switch to the Microsoft 365 Family plan (which costs $129.99 annually) instead of getting the Microsoft 365 Personal plan ($99.99 annually) and paying an extra $9.99 per month or $119.88 per year to bring their total cloud storage capacity to 2TB. However, if you have four users under one account using 500GB each, you will be forced to purchase additional capacity, starting at $1.99 per month for 200GB.

While Microsoft hasn’t increased the prices of its subscription, this move simultaneously reduces the burden on its storage servers while forcing accounts with multiple large users to purchase storage separately. This seems like a reaction to the storage shortage hitting the industry, with hard drive prices surging by 46% from September 2025 to January 2026. Enterprise SSDs have been hit hard, too, with 30TB drives now costing $22,600 while supply remains sold out until 2027.

Affected users could change their cloud storage providers, but even Google has been affected, with the company cutting the free cloud storage limit from 15GB to 5GB pending extra security measures. Even Backblaze, which offers “unlimited” backups, updated its terms of service to potentially throttle or terminate accounts that exceed “typical usage patterns” or “places an undue burden.” Users who have grown tired of paying monthly to secure their data could alternatively set up a NAS and populate it with the best hard drives — although this might be pricey in the short term and requires some setup, it could potentially save you hundreds, if not thousands, of dollars in the long run.

During a Thursday announcement, Vice President JD Vance said that well-known tech companies Microsoft and Adobe are now blocked out of the PERM program — one of the possible paths for the firms' H-1B workers to eventually evolve to green card status. The move was triggered by alleged fraud and abuse. IT outsourcing firms Cognizant, Infosys, Tata Consultancy, Wipro, HCL, and Capgemini also got slapped with suspensions.

The companies involved have not yet commented.

The administration is not going to process any new or pending Permanent Labor Certification applications for the companies. In a press conference, Vance had harsh words about Microsoft in particular, stating that "There has been no company in the United States, unfortunately, that has abused this system more." He added that "if you do the math, for every worker that Microsoft laid off, they replaced that worker with one and a half foreign indentured servants."

According to Vance, Microsoft fired 6,000 workers while simultaneously benefiting from 6,300 H-1B approvals and nearly 3,000 green cards. The VP said the company filed 3,682 PERM applications, 1,000 of which were for positions that seemingly overlapped with those of laid-off workers. Both Microsoft and Adobe's PERM privileges were cut "due to multiple active federal investigations," as stated by Labor Secretary Keith Sonderling.

A move so swift and harsh is unusual, but it comes against a backdrop of the U.S. government putting a tighter grip on the H-1B program. Last July, the Labor Department launched a nationwide investigation into fraud and human trafficking in H-1B and PERM programs. The inquest focuses on fraudulent applications, wage kickbacks, coercion, below-wage labor, recruitment abuse, and benching — when a company keeps the H-1B employee on the books but doesn't assign them work or pay them.

In September, President Trump signed an executive order aiming to curb abuse of the H-1B program. Cognizant also had its green card filings suspended during that month. The H-1B lottery rules had already changed to reportedly favor highly skilled, highly paid workers.

According to the National Foundation for American Policy and reported estimates, Amazon had the most approved H-1Bs in fiscal year 2025 with 4,644 visas, followed by Meta at 1,555, Microsoft with 1,394, and Google at 1,050.

At an event in San Francisco, Microsoft and Nvidia teamed up to show off the RTX Spark chip, along with the Surface Laptop Ultra and new features in Windows 11 that use the new system-on-a-chip's capabilities. The device, along with the Surface RTX Spark Dev Box and the broader Spark ecosystem is available for pre-order today, with devices shipping on October 16. You can see our full breakdown of retailers and listings in our dedicated pre-order coverage here.

Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella, Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang, and Windows and Devices head Pavan Davuluri took turns on stage.

"We've reinvented the personal computer completely," Huang said.

Nadella described the event as one that would be building the "frontier ecosystem," anchoring it in Agent 365, Microsoft IQ, and Copilot. Davuluri describes Windows 11 as being the most secure platform for AI agents, highlighting containment for agents.

Windows 11 and Surface Laptop Ultra

The Surface Laptop Ultra will start at $2,599, while the Surface RTX Spark Dev Box will begin at $5,999. Both are available for pre-order. They, along with PCs from Asus, Dell, Lenovo, HP, and MSI will ship next Friday, Oct. 16.

Davuluri showed the Surface Laptop Ultra running Github Copilot and playing Gears of War: E-Day at 60 frames per second. He said that "hundreds" of AAA titles and indies will be available day one, and that Call of Duty will come to RTX Spark in 2027.

The 4.5-pound system has the brightest peak HDR on a laptop, he said. The system also features a magnetic USB-C charger it calls "magnetic connect." The connector plugs in, similar to Apple's MagSafe or the old Surface Connect ports, except using a standardized port.

An impressive video demo using multiple local and cloud models across Blender, Photoshop, ComfyUI, and Unreal Engine to make a workload that took hours instead of days was impressive, but also highly produced.

Microsoft compared the Spark to the M5 Pro in a MacBook Pro, promising performance up to 2.1 times faster to first token, 4.3 times faster image generation, and 6.2 times faster video generation.

On Windows 11, there will be new quick actions in the Search menu in the Task Bar, making quick changes to settings, taking screenshots, or arranging windows using natural language. The Taskbar will also launch Copilot if the request calls for it, and you can jump from Search to Copilot.

Davuluri also described local models running from other vendors, including Hermes, OpenClaw, and Perplexity, performing a demo with Perplexity Computer. He also stated that Meta's Muse will come to Windows. There will be a new setup for Windows AI agents to make them easier to configure.

Davaluri also announced DGX Spark and Station for Windows, a "supercomputer" to bring "last quarter's frontier to your desktop." He showed off desktops from HP and Dell that will come "later this year." Up to this point, both have been exclusive for Linux.

Copilot and Local Agents

Microsoft's Jacob Andreou detailed the recent launch of the new Copilot, which is now getting access to local files, local models, and the ability to take actions on account of the user. It will still use cloud models, but will switch to local models when privacy is called for.

In one example, Andreou was grabbing tax data for his accountant. The system used a mix of local and cloud models to search for documents, rename them, and zip them into a folder. Copilot also wrote an email to the accountant to send on his behalf, which he approved. These features, he said, are coming over the next few months.

Containers, Trust, and Hybrid Ingelligence

Daviluri focused on the technical details of agents, including Microsoft Execution Containers, which is moving to general availability. These are sandboxes that are integrated with the OS to decide what data is shared with agents.

Windows will also require agents to attribute their actions to themselves. There will be IT actions for enterprises that want to set agentic rules once and use them across their fleet of devices.

Microsoft's Divya Venkataramu demonstrated this system, showing how she had access to documents even when agents didn't.

Davuluri also described hybrid intelligence, a mix of agents running locally and in the cloud to reduce token budgets. Microsoft's HydraFusion, which balances local and cloud agents, is coming from GitHub to Windows on October 15 for GitHub Copilot, the CLI, and VS Code, and will use new models like MAI Code 1.1 Flash and Nvidia's Nemotron. Using advanced quantization, DeepSeek V4 Flash can be used at 1.6 bits to run locally at 60GB of memory, he said.

Windows ML will serve as the runtime to deploy models across GPU, NPU, and CPU. Llama.cpp will come to Windows ML to give developers chances to experiment with new models at launch.

Microsoft's Kayla Cinnamon demonstrated Hybrid intelligence on a Surface RTX Dev Box by prompting GitHub Copilot to detect unused codes, packages, and feature flags to clean up code. With an Efficiency mode, Copilot selects a model automatically based on how complex a task is. A more complex prompt used GPT-6 Luna, while separate sub-agents ran locally.

Popular Xbox emulator Xemu has just been ported to jailbroken Sony PlayStation 5 consoles. Reddit user u/Yzenxam posted a video of their PS5 running the emulator with three games installed: Forza Motorsport, Halo 2, and Crash Bandicoot. The port, playfully named XPSemu, is on their GitHub page: ZiZc3.

The modder has stated that XPSemu is Xemu and is nothing different; all they did was allow it to be opened on the PS5 as an application. Xemu uses QEMU’s TCG JIT to translate the Xbox CPU to the PS5 CPU in realtime, allowing for fast performance compared to interpretation-based translation.

Xemu has its own translation for the Xbox’ NV2A GPU and uses a Vulkan renderer to work with modern GPUs; thanks to the modder behind PS5_Vulkan, Xemu can talk to the PS5’s AMD GPU through the open-source RADV Vulkan driver — allowing the porter to run Xemu as a native PS5 application.

ZiZc3 also added their own touches as explained in their GitHub repository:

"On top of the port, XPSemu adds its own controller-friendly dashboard, per-game settings, cover art, play time, game patches, a performance overlay, a per-game log and a set of CPU optimizations made for the PS5's Zen 2 processor."

While QEMU's TCG JIT is relatively fast, it still leaves plenty to be desired. ZiZc3 explains that the emulated Xbox CPU is the bottleneck, loaded at 85-97% while the PS5 GPU remains mostly idle. As a consequence, the resolution multiplier up to 3-4x barely affects performance, and upscaling with FSR does not add performance.

The developer further explains that the PS5's Zen 2 cores are slower per core than a fast PC, and CPU-heavy games suffer from this. In terms of performance, ZiZc3 has provided a table of their experience and performance of the games on XPSemu:

As of writing, there are fewer than 15 fully PS5-exclusive games, while the number of emulators the PS5 can run is increasing by the week. On X, users BrinoTk and Mihawk9_9 (the same person behind PS5_Vulkan) announced their Xbox 360 and PS5 Proton projects on the same day, with the Xbox 360 emulator already available for testing.

The PS5 already has emulators for PS1-3, with PS4 emulation technically built in. Non-PlayStation emulators besides the XPSemu include the Nintendo Switch, Wii U, 3DS, and of course the myriad of emulators available on RetroArch as well. On the other side of the coin, the PS5 itself has also been emulated on PC and the Xbox Series X — at this point, the lines are blurring faster than owners know what to do with their jailbroken PS5.

Microsoft’s “biomimicry” program is reshaping the land around its data centers with restored wetlands and native gardens to help the buildings blend into local ecosystems at 20-plus sites, reports The Verge. Critics question the company’s motives after recent energy deals, such as a 20-year deal inked in June to buy power from a planned Chevron gas plant in West Texas. Public Citizen’s Texas director, Adrian Shelley, called the plan “basically lipstick on a pig.”

Microsoft says the approach is now part of all new projects in the U.S. The goal is to blend “data centers into the natural landscape” at sites across the United States and Germany, gauging community input and using ecological research to map the local environment. Microsoft’s team uses a tool called Ecosystem Intelligence, which runs on Azure and scores various features of the site, including water quality, biodiversity, and noise abatement.

Solutions, according to Microsoft’s director of global land strategy, Kaitlin Chuzi, are customized to the local habitat and should restore what was lost, while plant buffers quiet data center humming and help “minimize the visual impact on communities near our data centers.” Named sites include Mecklenburg County, Virginia; Mount Pleasant, Wisconsin; East Point, Georgia; Bedburg, Germany; and other projects in Ohio, North Carolina, and Wyoming.

The Mount Pleasant site, home to Fairwater, which Microsoft calls the “world’s most powerful AI data center,” has 100 acres of prairie and forest in a Lamparek Creek restoration with the Root-Pike Watershed Initiative Network. Its executive director, Dave Giordano, told the outlet that Microsoft developed its stormwater ponds with forebays to retain sediment, one of a number of accommodations for the environment. “Not all data center companies are the same,” he said. It is a living example of the company’s answer to AI data center backlash.

San Antonio District 6 Councilmember Ric Galvan told the outlet that there are more than a dozen data centers in his district, with more proposed. He cited concerns about the impact on traffic and the environment, including tree removal, following a 2022 approval of a Microsoft plan to remove 2,642 trees from a 33-acre tract for a data center.

Microsoft spokesperson Jennifer Lyons, however, said in an email to the outlet that the company is investing in more than 400 acres of woodland and pollinator prairie restoration in San Antonio and intends to leave the “land more productive than we received it.” Galvan said Microsoft may be “covering their bases,” which he said is fine if residents’ concerns are addressed. He proposed a moratorium on new data centers in August, backed by Public Citizen, but the council opted against a blanket pause and is weighing zoning rules instead, with a vote scheduled for Oct. 15.

Shelley also pointed to adjacent effects, specifically pollution from new gas plants built to supply energy for data centers. “I cannot really see any level of biomimicry investment that makes a gas plant a desirable neighbor,” he told the outlet. Chevron says its plant would provide “approximately 2.67 gigawatts” of power if the plan goes through, with first power anticipated in 2028.

Meanwhile, Texas Gov. Greg Abbott has paused approvals for data centers seeking to connect to the state’s main power grid until regulators audit them. In September, he barred the state’s environmental agency from issuing new data center permits until the audit is done. Water use, a common criticism, was only about 0.4% of the state’s total from data centers in 2025, according to the Houston Advanced Research Center (HARC). It projects water usage of 0.5% to 2.7% by 2030.

Emissions have risen by Microsoft’s own accounting, too. Its 2026 Environmental Sustainability Report, released in July, puts the total up 25% in fiscal 2025, “driven primarily by the expansion of our datacenter infrastructure” and by Microsoft pausing its use of unbundled renewable energy certificates, a type of accounting credit. Microsoft has 2030 goals of becoming carbon negative and water positive, meeting the latter in fiscal 2025 by its own measure.

Holly Alpine, who led ecosystem restoration and climate resilience work near Microsoft’s data centers until leaving in 2024, still sees a gap between data center buildouts and sustainability goals. Microsoft said in an email to the outlet that AI at a global scale must have “a range of energy solutions in the near term.”

Microsoft had no clear answer when questioned if it would ever change its mind on a site. Chuzi called it “an ongoing learning process to understand what that means to be a good neighbor.” HARC’s Erin Kinney told the outlet the real test is how Microsoft calculates, tracks, and shares the benefits with communities. Accurate measurement would make it easier to have genuine cooperation moving forward so that both data center companies and local communities can come together to mitigate environmental impacts.

Unreal Engine 5 isn’t particularly heavy on the CPU, but Gears of War E-Day changes that narrative. If you have a monitoring overlay open when you load into the game, you’ll immediately notice your CPU pinned at between 80% and 90% utilization, which is a far cry from most other UE5 titles. Even stranger is that the scaling between CPUs is clear. For instance, the Ryzen 7 9800X3D netted 42% higher performance than the Ryzen 5 7600X at 1080p with the High graphics preset.

We’ve tested a lot of UE5 games with our pool of CPUs to evaluate them, not only for our rankings of the best CPUs for gaming, but also for our ongoing CPU benchmark hierarchy. Most of them haven’t made the cut, simply because of a lack of scaling. We’ve tried to include games like Clair Obscur: Expedition 33, The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion Remastered, and Halo: Campaign Evolved, due to the prevalence of Unreal Engine 5 in modern AAA games, but the CPU scaling just doesn’t matter.

There are some exceptions, notably Marvel Rivals with its dense fighting arenas, large teams, and destructible environments, and The Blood of Dawnwalker, which has a large, sparsely populated city in the middle of the map that will bring most CPUs to their knees. Even then, however, these UE5 games don’t show the same level of scaling as other games in our test suite, such as Starfield or Baldur’s Gate 3.

Gears of War E-Day is an exception. It’s not only demanding on the CPU, easily spiking even the Ryzen 7 9800X3D to full utilization at 1080p, it also shows scaling across a wide pool of chips. And further, this is true even at the game’s Ultra preset (though not the Ludicrous preset, which we’ll dig into later). This heavy CPU burden was consistent throughout the opening hours of the game, as well, regardless of scene complexity or interactions.

If you're interested in GPU performance, make sure to check out our Gears of War E-Day GPU benchmarks, as well.

Gears of War E-Day CPU benchmarks

We tested Gears of War E-Day on the same test systems we use for CPU reviews, short of the GPU driver, which we changed for this benchmarking session (the game won’t launch without the Game Ready driver). Otherwise, everything is identical, down to the frozen OS images we use across AMD and Intel test systems.

As usual, we tested with the RTX 5090 Founders Edition at 1080p to showcase the differences between each CPU. We ran a handful of chips at 1440p, as well, to get an idea of how performance scales at a higher resolution. We omitted 4K, as our graphics analysis of the game showed that it was completely GPU-bound at that high of a resolution. Go figure.

Before getting to the scaling benchmarks, we looked at scene performance and preset performance in E-Day. The game includes a built-in benchmark, common for titles published by Microsoft, so the first step to evaluating performance is ensuring that the benchmark actually matches in-game performance. It doesn’t, but it’s not far off.

As you can see, we saw slightly higher performance with our two in-game scenes than we did in the benchmark, likely due to the benchmark’s sweeping camera angle that draws much more than you’ll ever actually see on screen. We stuck with an in-game scene (scene 2) for testing, but the benchmark is a good approximation of what’s actually in the game.

For graphics settings, we went with the High preset. Gears of War E-Day includes five presets, and we tested the top four to see where the scaling starts and stops. The dynamic is binary. If you’re using the Ludicrous preset, the scaling between CPUs goes down drastically. We saw a 6.8% difference between the 9800X3D and 9600X with the Ludicrous preset. At the Ultra preset, that jumped up to nearly a 29% difference, which grows further at the High preset.

We eventually settled on High, as that’s the visual floor for becoming CPU-bound. Going down to Medium nets very little extra performance and slightly exaggerates the scaling between chips. High, then, is a good compromise. It shows near-maximum scaling between CPUs without being an unreasonable test case.

It should come as no surprise that the Ryzen 7 9800X3D and Ryzen 7 7800X3D occupy the top two spots on our chart. E-Day, like a lot of titles, is accelerated by X3D chips. You can see that with the Ryzen 7 5800X3D much lower down the chart, as well. What’s interesting here is how E-Day scales with core count, however. Take the Ryzen 5 7600X as an example. We expect less than a 5% jump with the Ryzen 7 7700X on average, but in E-Day, that increase nears 9%.

Elsewhere, the 12-core Ryzen 9 models usually underperform their 8-core counterparts in games. Again, the 7900X and 7700X are in lockstep, while the 9900X is 3.5% ahead. It’s worth stressing that, based on our data, the Ryzen 9 9900X and 7900X are slower than the straight eight-core models from AMD’s last two generations. The fact that they’re ahead here speaks to the importance of core count in this game.

Perhaps the greatest evidence of that comes from the Intel camp. Not only do we see Intel’s main Raptor Lake and Arrow Lake stack outperforming all but AMD’s X3D Zen 4 and Zen 5 CPUs, we also see strange comparisons between Arrow Lake and Arrow Lake Refresh. The Core Ultra 5 250K Plus is typically around 5% faster than the Core Ultra 7 265K on average in games. Here, the situation is flipped, with the Core Ultra 7 265K leading by about 2%.

It’s interesting to see core count as a performance driver, which isn’t usually the case in games past six or maybe eight cores. Although E-Day scales past that point, it still plateaus around 150 FPS.

We ran a few tests at 1440p, as well, foregoing the whole pool simply for the sake of time. For scaling comparisons, the Core Ultra 7 270K Plus is about 18% faster than the Core i5-14400 at 1440p, but it’s about 36% faster at 1080p. Further, that scaling isn’t consistent. Running CPUs at 1440p with our test suite and settings, we found a ceiling around 130 FPS where performance becomes bound by the GPU. Any CPUs that performed above that mark at 1080p normalized to that 130 FPS, while CPUs below that mark offered performance at 1440p within a few frames of the 1080p performance.

When looking at a weak CPU compared to a strong one, there’s clear scaling at 1440p. However, with CPUs within similar product ranges and families, the game is mostly bound to GPU performance at the higher resolution.

Looking at other aspects of performance, there aren’t any surprises. Power use is in line with our expectations, with AMD’s Zen 4 and Zen 5 flagships sitting alongside Intel’s most powerful Raptor Lake chips. And, on the efficiency front, the Ryzen 7 9800X3D and 7800X3D easily win the day with nearly two frames per watt used. Temperatures stayed in check, as well, with even the highest chip in our test pool averaging just 65.4 degrees Celsius.

Investigating ‘low core mode’ in Gears of War E-Day

Buried in the “System” menu of the settings in E-Day, there’s a curious option called Low Core Mode. The game says in the setting’s description that it can improve performance on low core count devices and handhelds, which is worthy of closer inspection. This isn’t a standard UE5 toggle — as we’ve established, the engine is not particularly heavy on the CPU at stock — and we haven’t seen similar settings, at least among most recent AAA releases.

We ran each chip through another pass of tests with this mode turned on, using the same test scene and settings, to see how it impacts performance. It universally lowered performance across our entire pool of 25 CPUs, even going down to the quad-core Core i3-14100. 1% low performance wasn’t improved either. For the sake of clarity, we’ve laid out the results in a table below so you can easily see the performance change between toggling Low Core Mode on and off.

With everything down to a strict quad-core tested — E-Day’s system requirements bottom out at hexa-core chips — we assumed the situation was settled and were content to leave Low Core Mode for others to explore further. However, we gave it one more try with the Core i3-14100, disabling two of the cores in the BIOS to see how the game would function with a dual-core chip.

That revealed a lot about what’s going on behind the scenes with this feature. Above, you can see a screenshot we gathered when booting into the game with the dual-core 14100. The texture streaming system completely breaks. We didn’t wait for an opportune moment to capture this screenshot, either; the low-res, half-loaded assets persisted throughout the entire run.

Further, whenever we went to pause the game to adjust settings or reload the checkpoint, the game froze and hung for upwards of 30 seconds before the menu appeared. Turning on Low Core Mode resolved both the asset streaming issue and the game freezing, as well as improved performance by 30%. That’s impressive, but keep in mind that going from four cores to two on the 14100 resulted in a 59% decrease in performance, dropping from an average of 89 FPS to just 36 FPS.

It appears E-Day switches up the streaming system with Low Core Mode. That would explain a lot, notably the heavy, all-core demand when running the game normally and the severe streaming issue we noted at two cores. E-Day is using some sort of asset streaming system, as most modern games do, and those assets look very expensive. Past a certain point, the streaming simply breaks as the CPU is overloaded with work.

Although we didn’t notice a performance improvement at four cores, keep in mind that we’re testing with the newest true quad-core on the market. The 14100 is one of the best budget CPUs, but it’s still new. The system requirements call for an older hexa-core chip at minimum. Taken together, you may run into issues with older quad-cores that necessitate the use of Low Core Mode, but those situations are few and far between. Assuming you have a relatively recent processor, or a processor with at least six cores, and ideally both, Low Core Mode will reduce your performance.

We didn’t test mobile chips, however, nor the handhelds those chips are inside of. This mode may have more practical applications there.

Test configuration

As mentioned, we used the same platform for testing Gears of War E-Day that we use for a CPU reviews, which you can find in the table below. All configuration and software is duplicated across all test systems, and AMD and Intel configurations never touch each other to avoid any conflicts.

There are a few important configuration details worth highlighting outside of the broad strokes of a frozen OS image. We disable Virtualization-Based Security (VBS) for all platforms, enable ReBAR, and enable XMP/EXPO. We've tested the memory to ensure stability with our platforms.

We also disable any automatic overclocking features that are unstable or not covered by warranty. For instance, we disable AMD's Precision Boost Overdrive and Intel's Extreme power profile, as neither is covered by warranty. Intel's Core Ultra 200S Boost, on the other hand, is covered by warranty, so we enabled it on the Arrow Lake chips we tested. Similarly, the 9600X and 9700X from AMD have a warrantied 105W operating mode, which we use, as it improves gaming performance slightly.

What do you get when you cross a bored teenager with free time and excellent computer skills? A hack of a Microsoft database with trillions of records on hand and 25,000 records of employee data, of course. Future legend hacker Faav poked around Microsoft's supposedly internal Titan analytics platform, eventually finding that its user validation was... sub-optimal.

According to Faav, he's "spent the year hacking Microsoft off and on around school," digging up bugs on the Redmond firm's wares as well as Amazon, Google, Adobe, and others. Much like other hackers, he has his own set of tools, and predictably in this day and age, his sonic screwdriver is Antares, an AI orchestrator bot he concocted for the purpose of scanning and automating boring security legwork.

Antares found an endpoint URL in Titan that brought up an error message saying that a VPN was required. Just like a virtual pspspsps, this was enough to get Faav's attention. He got Antares to look for subdomains around this endpoint, coming up with one belonging to an Azure Cloud host, along with a corresponding Swagger/OpenAPI file listing four routes (Swagger is an industry-standard machine-readable instruction on how an API works, for easier third-party integration).

While three of those routes needed Azure Active Directory authentication, one did not, and its name was inspiring: /v2/Query. It also accepted raw SQL queries, prompting a collective facepalm from the audience. Faav still needed to know what to query for, and after clever usage of the Wayback Machine, he found a 2023 version of this login page, complete with a helpful Apache Superset configuration file describing the database schema, showing 56 table definitions.

He also found that this endpoint refused his queries due to the lack of a JWT (JSON Web Token) authentication, so he sicced Antares on it again for 10 days, with no success. Eventually, Faav had a flash of inspiration and realized that the way the server was responding implied that the token's digital signature wasn't being checked. So he just pretended his access token was for an administrator and was promptly let in. One handy "SHOW DATABASES" later, he was staring at 25,000 records of employee data, along with organization records, dashboards, and charts.

After exploring the database a little more, he found a particular data source for Bing analytics. Digging there and tallying up rows across tables, Faav saw he had access to a total of 17 trillion records total, and had to double-check this number and stop himself from yelling out and waking his parents at 2 am.

After reporting the problem to Microsoft's bug bounty program, he was awarded with $5,000 for his findings. In his blog post, he also points out that "AI and human intuition compounded here. Antares did ten days of work I didn’t have to [...] Its persistence, plus one human hunch, is what made this find possible."

Microsoft launched the Copilot+ brand in 2024 to differentiate its offerings with local AI capabilities from other devices that do not have NPUs or fail to meet the minimum 40+ TOPS requirement. But a little over two years after the disastrous launch and poor sales, the company has quietly moved away from the brand. Microsoft Surface CVP Brett Ostrum confirmed this to Windows Central in an interview on the sidelines of Snapdragon Summit 2026.

“These are not called Copilot+ PCs,” Ostrum said. “They do meet all the requirements of our previous bar for what Copilot+ devices are. We still lean into the narrative around AI on the edge and being able to have a hybrid out there.” Even other devices that would’ve been eligible under the branding, including the upcoming Nvidia RTX Spark N1X and Microsoft’s own Project Zenith, are missing the Copilot+ badges. The company also said that it’s scaling back Copilot’s presence in Windows 11, promising to improve the operating system’s performance, reliability, and updates. Microsoft also vowed to optimize it to run smoothly on just 8GB of RAM amid the AI-driven memory shortage.

However, that doesn’t mean Microsoft is backing away completely from Copilot. Despite dropping the hardware branding, it’s still working on numerous AI features for its product lineup. The company recently revamped Copilot and added new features like Home, Code, and Autopilot. It has also tested Copilot+ AI features that run on discrete GPUs, possibly expanding the feature set to PCs that use processors without a built-in NPU. In fact, one AI consultant mapped out Microsoft Copilot products and discovered more than 80 unique offerings, with many more possibly unaccounted for.

Microsoft did not give a specific reason for dropping the branding, but as many modern mainstream and high-end processors now come with NPUs that can hit 40 TOPS or more, it seems that it no longer makes sense to offer that differentiation. Aside from that, the current memory chip shortage has made the minimum 16GB requirement rather expensive, with Microsoft even purging its 32GB RAM recommendation from its website and releasing brand-new Surface for Business laptops with as little as 8GB of RAM.

It’s still unclear if the quiet sunset of the Copilot+ brand means that every Windows 11 PC will now get all the AI features that were once locked behind the name. But even if it will no longer exist on the hardware side, we still expect the Copilot branding to stay inside Windows and other Microsoft products for better or for worse.

Microsoft is taking another swing at Copilot, adding new features as it specifically turns the AI feature set into a series of tools designed for work. Branded "new Copilot", it will serve as a mix between a chat, a harness, and a business assistant.

Copilot will now be divided into three sections: Home, Code, and Autopilot. Microsoft pitches Home as a "new starting point," where you organize and connect your meetings, documents, emails, apps, and yes, agents. Effectively, it keeps everyone aligned on projects. The company describes the Home area as mixing Chat and Cowork, its existing agent. The new Copilot is rolling out with Microsoft's Frontier Program for businesses and individual subscribers, allowing early access to features now.

Office will live in the Home section, including Teams threads, calendars, Outlook, and more. You can ask Copilot to build slides, create spreadsheets, or put together documents.

Code is an answer to ChatGPT's Codex and Anthropic's Claude Code. Microsoft is describing the act of vibe coding and building small apps "as basic a skill as writing a memo or modeling a budget." Code is built on the same technology as GitHub Copilot, and is run in a sandboxed environment that can be hosted on your system. With Microsoft's new Copilot Managed Runtime, enterprises will be able to host code in their own Microsoft 365 environment, with Microsoft managing the code.

Autopilot is a rebranding of Scout, a "digital teammate." This is a semi-autonomous agent that you can name and tell what to do, and it will go off on its own to do it. This is designed for recurring work, though Microsoft describes it as being able to do more advanced work, including building schedules, handling meetings, and reaching out to others in an organization.

All of Copilot uses Microsoft IQ, designed to set a business context for agents to follow by giving them a framework about how AI should work in your organization. By the end of the month, Microsoft expects to launch a plugin registry to add functionality, in a catalog managed by IT administrators.

For managing spending, Microsoft's subscription license will give you Copilot in chat across Office, while an "Auto" mode will consider accuracy, speed, and cost to pick a model for other jobs. Organizations can use usage-based billing to pick which models they want to use based on cost. "Cowork, Code, and Autopilot; new long-running agentic capabilities; and frontier models like Astra and Fable all run on UBB," Microsoft chief marketing officer for AI at Work, Jared Spataro, wrote in a blog post.

Copilot may not be as exciting to individual developers and at-home enthusiasts as some other AI platforms, but it's clear Microsoft is revamping to take another shot at making its AI tools the most popular for businesses.

The DataOne data center in Vineland, New Jersey, has just been hit with a record $1.07 million fine for operating unpermitted portable generators on the construction site. According to the New York Times, state inspectors spotted 62 of these units powering the facility back in late July.

Residents had already complained about it at a February town hall meeting. Inspectors said that there were no generators on site when they first visited in December last year. However, some residents said that “some type of unit” was spotted by satellite imagery back in February, leading to their complaint at the community assembly.

Residents of Vineland have already made multiple complaints about the development. Some of the issues t include the unpermitted construction of a 1.5-million-gallon LNG tank and unacceptable noise levels, especially at night, that affected homes within a half-mile radius of the construction site. They also said that there was little to no public consultation on the project before it went into full swing, with the people only finding out that a data center was being constructed in their neighborhood after Microsoft announced a $33 billion deal with Nebius, which in turn contracted DataOne to supply the compute they need.

Despite a record fine, some residents feel that the punishment isn’t enough. “It’s a ‘don’t ask for permission, just ask for forgiveness later’ kind of deal,” longtime Vineland resident Steve Brown told the Times. He also added, “It’s still kind of a drop in the bucket for a company that has several billion dollars of capital.” Long-time community member Tiffany Leone-Vespa also added, “What’s $1.07 million? They should have done it for each generator they were running illegally. They’re billionaires. It’s like pocket change.”

On the other hand, DataOne disagreed with the fine. A company spokesperson said that “We will apply for the air permits for the temporary generators,” and also added that it’s transitioning from the polluting and noisy portable turbines to more modern fuel cells. New Jersey ordered it to comply with the permitting requirements and to stop using the generators if they’re not granted within 45 days.

This is a similar situation that the citizens of Memphis and Southaven faced when SpaceXAI deployed 69 unpermitted generators to provide power to its Colossus 2 data center. It has become the subject of a lawsuit, especially as the community raised concerns that they were spewing thousands of tons of pollutants in the primarily black neighborhood. However, the Department of Justice stepped in and asked the court to dismiss the case because the site “supports mission-critical operations.” Elon Musk’s company eventually agreed to remove all unpermitted turbines, but said that the process will take over a year as replacement 1.2-gigawatt plants gradually come online.

Microsoft is finally updating its lowest-end computers: the 13-inch Surface Laptop and 12-inch Surface Pro. Both systems are getting the Qualcomm Snapdragon X2 Plus processor (including an 80 TOPS NPU), up from a first-gen Snapdragon X Plus. The company announced the new Surfaces on its blog, in timing with Qualcomm's Snapdragon Summit.

Both new devices will launch on October 13. The Laptop will start at $1,199, while the Surface Pro will be $1,149. These are substantial increases over the previous versions, which started at $899 and $799, respectively, when they launched.

Microsoft claims that the new systems are 17% faster in Microsoft Office workloads, up to 18% more efficient on battery, offer "more than" 60% faster graphics, and have up to 95% faster AI inferencing on the NPU. Those are all compared to previous-generation Snapdragon X Plus processors.

Both systems are getting a new black color and 25% brighter displays than previous generations. The 12-inch Pro will also receive optional 5G connectivity, but only in enterprise versions of the device.

The Surface Pro will also introduce Ink Canvas, a new sketching and annotating app for Windows 11. It comes preinstalled on the new tablet and will be available for other Surface and supported Windows 11 devices through the Microsoft Store.

Surface Mouse

Beyond the two new Surface systems, the company is also announcing a new Surface Mouse. The $79.99 mouse includes haptic feedback, which has only been on some Surface notebooks so far. This can take advantage of features built into Windows 11 that allow for haptic responses for actions such as hovering over the exit button or resizing windows. Logitech's recently released MX Master 4 mouse also supports haptics.

Microsoft's pointer is designed for ambidextrous use (unlike the MX Master 4), connects over Bluetooth 6.0, uses two AAA batteries, and comes in both black and platinum colors. Like the laptops, it will launch on October 13.

More games are taking advantage of the free-to-play model, and Microsoft is building systems designed to deliver ads without disrupting the gaming experience. According to Respawn First, the system would first give players some ad-free playtime, which could either be based on time or in-game progress, such as levels and bosses. Once this expires, the company will then open a window and briefly serve “promoted content.”

However, this system will not just show ads out of the blue. Instead, it will work with the game engine so that they will only appear during downtimes, like after a boss fight, at the end of a cutscene, while a new level is loading, when you complete a quest, or enter a menu. While the ad is being served, the game enters a frozen state to ensure that player progress isn’t disturbed. After you finish watching the ad, it resets the ad-free playtime, allowing gamers to play another round with no distractions.

The patent application itself describes it as “a content management system” and that it could obtain a promoted content trigger event based partially on the game, suspend a user’s interaction with the game based on the promoted content trigger event, obtain promoted audiovisual content and present it to the user, commence the user’s interaction with the game, and establish “a credit based at partially on the promoted audiovisual content, wherein the credit delays suspension of the user’s interaction with the interactive software application during a credit duration.”

Based on this description, it works similarly to some free-to-play mobile games, where ads are automatically served after you finish a round or after a few minutes of playing. The difference with this system is that it doesn’t serve ads arbitrarily; instead, it works with the game engine and even uses machine learning to determine when it’s the best time to show players the ad.

While this is still a patent application and it’s not even clear if this has been deployed in actual games, it shows what Microsoft is considering for how it could monetize free-to-play games. We’ve seen similar moves with Xbox Cloud Gaming, with the company experimenting with an ad-supported free tier for the cloud gaming service.

While the tech that Microsoft applied for a patent on could actually be a good thing, as it would make in-game ads less jarring, we could argue that it would encourage both gamers and publishers to focus on free-to-play titles. The idea behind these games and services is that it would allow more people, especially those who don’t want to spend cash, to enjoy gaming. However, some say that they’ve actually broken the diversity and innovation in the gaming industry, as developers and publishers focus more on monetization instead of unique games and quality titles. You can view the USPTO application here [PDF].

The New York Times sued OpenAI and Microsoft for copyright infringement in late 2023, with the case apparently still ongoing almost three years later. Now, the publication’s legal team has asked the court for a summary judgment after it filed a revealing legal brief based on statements and documents from the defendants. According to 404 Media, these documents remain sealed or redacted at the request of both companies, with the revelations showing potentially damaging statements from their leadership, including claims AI scraping is the biggest theft of labor in human history and an existential threat to publishers.

The brief cited an internal memo dated January 2023 by Microsoft director of Applied Science Brent Hecht, where he allegedly said, “Millions of people around the world will soon consider large models ‘hoovering up’ all their work to be an astonishing theft of unprecedented proportions” and also called it “the largest theft of labor in human history.” Another Microsoft document was cited saying, “almost no one intended for content they created to be used in this fashion, nor are they compensated for its use.”

As ChatGPT surged in popularity throughout 2023, the software giant’s own data revealed that Copilot dropped click-through rates for The New York Times by as much as 93% compared to Bing search. Another memo by the Applied Science director called it a “doom loop” and said it would “hurt the performance of our models and the entire web at the same time.” The NYT brief quoted Hecht from the document, saying, “It is highly unusual that an end-product threatens the economic foundations of its essential suppliers, but that is the situation we have created for our LLM business with respect to its ‘content supply chain.’”

OpenAI Head of ChatGPT Nick Turley said in internal communications that the AI chatbot is an “existential threat” to publishers as they are “largely substitutive” and “will get more and more substitutive as they get better,” while another OpenAI engineer testified that “no matter how prominently we show the links, users won’t click.” Nick Ryder, another OpenAI researcher, told company president Greg Brockman about a “hack to get around nytimes paywall,” to which he replied, “ah nice.”

AI companies argue that scraping the internet for data to feed to their models is “fair use,” with one court agreeing that Anthropic’s use of published material falls under this category. The law defines this as “criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research.” Some of the factors that determine whether a particular use falls under “fair use” include “(1) the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; (2) the nature of the copyrighted work; (3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and (4) the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.”

However, all these revelations in NYT’s brief could complicate OpenAI’s fair use defense, especially as it shows that the leadership of both companies are aware of the possible market repercussions of AI scraping. Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella said in a deposition from earlier this year that “anything that is paywalled should be licensed by anyone who wants to use it…for grounding or training” and that if he “had been made aware that OpenAI has scraped and trained on information that was behind a paywall,” the company would have required OpenAI “to retrain its models.”

Anyone old enough to be messing with PCs in the early to mid-2000s probably has the following burned into their mind: FCKGW-RHQQ2-YXRKT-8TG6W-2B7Q8. That's neither a magic spell nor a password for a cabal — it's the best-known Windows XP key, letting anyone install and run the operating system with its incantation and just the one CD. Ever wondered how or why Microsoft let such an apparent gaping hole in its copy protection? Former engineer Dave Plummer explained in an X post.

First off, there were actually two versions of the original Windows XP media: Retail and Volume. The former was for anyone who just bought the OS off the shelf, while the latter was reserved for Microsoft partners and OEMs that needed to easily install it on thousands of machines without needing to individually activate every single one at install time.

Retail and Volume media had different keys, too, and the installer would validate the key you input against specific data on the disc, "encrypted so hard that even today it hasn't been decrypted [...]" (Someone will take those words as a challenge). The magical piece of cryptic data was nothing other than the whole 10 MB of... Microsoft Bob. The short-lived assistant was technically the antecessor of the much-maligned and memed-upon Clippy, and did its best in 1995 to introduce newbies to basic computing tasks.

Regular Joes and Janes weren't supposed to be anywhere within a stone's throw of a Volume disc, though, as those were strictly enterprise-only. The final version of the CD, called Release to Manufacturing, or RTM, was complete in August 24, 2001 — two months before the official launch on October 25. The discs were available to OEMs and partners before the release date so those companies could have their wares ready with Windows XP on them.

Plummer notes that "very few" organizations had access to the Volume image and the corresponding Volume License Key (VLK) and believes that someone at a major OEM, potentially Dell or Intel, leaked the Volume media and the key together before the official release. The pirate group Devils0wn then quickly spread it online for everyone to enjoy

Later on, when Service Pack 1 arrived, the FCKGW key was among the 640 blacklisted from the operating system due to leakage. Service Pack 2 and its Windows Genuine Advantage checks went a couple steps further and blocked updates entirely on machines with a blacklisted VLK. Plummer states that Microsoft didn't want to cause unnecessary trouble for customers, hence its laissez-faire attitude and choice to stick to just blacklisting affected keys.

Many theories over the years proposed that the FCKGW key worked because Microsoft's key generation algorithm was very basic, a notion outright dismissed by Plummer. He plainly states that algorithm was written by "ACTUALLY smart guys with heads so big that they bumped the doorjamb on the way into your office."

The truth of the situation was far simpler: as is usual with computing, ultimately the problem was between the keyboard and the chair. It's a good a time as any to reminisce about that compact disc you totally don't have on a bookshelf somewhere with the FCKGW key written on it with a Sharpie.

Microsoft has issued an out-of-band update for its recent Windows 11 patch, which has caused a number of bugs and issues. The September 2026 update was just released last Tuesday, and although it packs a number of new features and fixes nearly 1000 security flaws (commonplace in this day and age), there are also a few unfortunate regressions.

The 25H2 update finally reintroduces a movable taskbar, just like we've had since Windows 95, with an option to make the height smaller for compact displays. Likewise, the Start menu now has multiple configurable layouts, and you can toggle each main section on or off. Microsoft also revamped Windows Search — perhaps to finally be useful — and users can now choose to only have it display local results. Explorer got a handy tweak in the form of using KB, MB, GB size indicators, as well.

The update has also surfaced some serious bugs. First off, PCs with AMD Radeon GPUs are crashing, apparently due to the update provoking driver instability. Reinstalling the driver doesn't appear to help, and the reports unfortunately cover most contemporary AMD graphics cards. Microsoft did not mention AMD GPUs specifically in its latest update.

Microsoft noted that it has fixed an issue with Remote Desktop Services where RDS might become unstable, causing connection and sign-in failures.

Microsoft is also aware of an issue with audio output and microphone input going dead. Additionally, there are seemingly reports of audio devices starting up with a botched configuration, like tweaked 3D audio settings or speaker setups. The apparent workaround seems to be putting audio in a standard 2.0 configuration, but Microsoft has now addressed this issue in the emergency patch.

Explorer may display a black screen after logging in, leaving you with a perfectly functioning operating system but no visible UI. The File History backup feature is reportedly not detecting external drives, effectively making it useless. Of particular concern to enterprises, systems administrators, and homelabs, the Remote Desktop Service is also experiencing issues. Last but not least, Microsoft says it has addressed an issue where Claude Cowork is nonfunctional due to the update breaking HC-managed Linux VMs with Plan9 shared folders

Owners of HP and Lenovo systems are also advised to consider holding off on this update. Ever since the August 2026 patch (and now, cumulatively, with the September update), there are reportedly serious issues on both camps. On the HP side, there are instances of the update triggering BIOS corruption, leading to a failed install with no ability to recover the OS — though seemingly the OEM has published a new BIOS revision, so it's hard to say which side is to blame. Meanwhile, Lenovo users might have their machines black-screen or shut down out of the blue, seemingly due to power mismanagement.

While it's heartening to see that Microsoft has significantly increased its Windows development speed and is seemingly listening to customer feedback, a string of bugs after a major feature update are still common.

Residents of Frederick County, Maryland, could be the beneficiaries of what is purported to be the biggest residential benefits package yet to be offered by data center developers, in a move a new report claims is a sign of a growing trend that Big Tech is trying to get ahead of fears and community pushback surrounding AI infrastructure. The $110 million deal includes new schools, water reclamation, and more, The Information reports.

According to the report, the Frederick Digital Campus offering could be a sign that data center developers like Amazon, Microsoft, and Oracle are wising up to growing residential pushback and concerns around the building of large AI data centers in their communities, with developers "sweetening financial offers to municipalities and regulators to gain approval for new facilities" while "getting smarter" about ensuring they shoulder the cost of utilities like electricity. The report says AI builders are turning towards tangible benefits, rather than rhetoric, to get their projects approved.

The Maryland site, if approved, would see residents of Frederick County benefit from a $110 million investment in total, including a $30 million elementary school, $40 million of recreational facilities, a $14.5 million workforce training center, and a further $10.5 million for "agricultural preservation." That comes on top of a purported $215 million in annual property taxes the campus would pay upon completion, a 40% uptick in tax revenue.

It appears the developers have also offered concessions regarding construction, reducing the square footage by almost 20%, and reducing potable water (water safe for human consumption and use) usage by 80%, with up to $100 million also proposed for a water reclamation system.

The proposal is yet to be approved, but if passed, the campus would boast Amazon and Aligned Data centers amongst its tenants. The report reiterates the deal "reflects a rapidly emerging consensus by both tech companies and host governments to eliminate giveaways to developers and to accelerate benefits to towns in the vicinity of the facilities."

A further cited example from Pennsylvania claims AWS announced it would not seek any economic incentives to reduce the tax burden on its 4.5GW, 36-building data center campus in Homer City.

The report further cites occasions where big tech companies are taking the side of consumers and residents over power rate debates, with Microsoft recently said to have challenged an American Transmission Co. and We Energies’ proposal for its Wisconsin data center, claiming the plan wasn't robust enough to protect retail customers from footing the bill if demand was lower than expected. In another case, Google and Amazon are said to have lobbied Virginia regulators to ensure they would fund transmission upgrades required for their infrastructure, rather than let an energy company cover the cost by marking up customer bills.

With concerns around data center buildouts impacting local water supplies, energy rates, and even contributing to noise pollution, it's clear that Big Tech companies appear to be trying to grease the wheels on a local level by investing more directly in some local communities. Big Tech has reportedly now spent more than $1 trillion on AI infrastructure, so even local investments to the tune of hundreds of millions of dollars are a drop in the ocean for companies.

Regulators are trying to pump the brakes on data center buildouts, with some 500 data centers on hold in the US because of various moratoriums and legal pauses.

Microsoft has finally solved one of the biggest pain points of Windows with the rollout of Cloud Rebuild. The new recovery feature can reinstall Windows 11 even when an existing Windows installation is corrupt or refuses to boot. Available as a beta through the newly released Windows 11 Insider Beta Preview Build 26220.9343, the feature is essentially a hassle-free alternative to creating a Windows installation USB drive when a PC needs to be recovered.

According to Microsoft, Cloud Rebuild is designed to restore a Windows 11 PC to a “clean, known-good state” by downloading a fresh image of Windows along with the required drivers directly through Windows Update. Unlike the existing Reset this PC functionality, it does not depend on the health of your existing Windows installation, nor does it require users to have a USB drive or custom recovery image available.

Available via the Windows Recovery Environment (WinRE), users can access it by selecting Troubleshoot > Recovery and uninstall > Cloud rebuild from WinRE. Speaking of which, Microsoft has also improved networking support in WinRE. The recovery environment can now reuse eligible Wi-Fi profiles saved within an existing Windows installation, allowing a PC to connect during recovery without requiring administrators to separately configure Wi-Fi credentials in WinRE. Once the PC is connected, Cloud Rebuild checks Windows Update for the target Windows build and downloads the required files. Users can then confirm the Windows edition, language, and build before starting the reinstall.

The only catch here is that Cloud Rebuild completely wipes the system drive, meaning that the process removes all data stored in your main installation or C: drive, including locally stored files, accounts, applications, and settings, before reinstalling Windows. Thus, it is recommended to back up all your important files either locally or using a cloud-based service before starting the process. Once the installation is complete, the PC boots into the Windows out-of-box experience, similar to a fresh installation of Windows. For admin-managed PCs using Windows Autopilot and Microsoft Intune, the system can automatically reconnect to the organization's management infrastructure and restore assigned applications, policies, and backed-up settings.

Cloud Rebuild could particularly be useful when Windows becomes too corrupted to boot normally. Instead of finding another PC, creating installation media, and manually reinstalling Windows, users can potentially perform the entire recovery process directly from WinRE. The feature is still in preview; however, we can expect a wider release later this year.

Microsoft just released another version of Windows 11 designed for developers, dubbed Project Zenith. According to the Windows Blogs, this operating system is optimized for developer workflows and will first become available on the AMD Ryzen AI Halo, Team Red’s direct answer to the Nvidia DGX Spark, although it will also arrive on more devices from Microsoft’s OEM and other silicon partners soon. Redmond calls Project Zenith “a ready-to-code distraction-free Windows experience on developer-class devices with 64 GB+ unified memory and 250+ GB/s memory bandwidth,” claiming that “developers can jump right in.”

It comes with pre-installed tools like Visual Studio Code, GitHub Copilot, PowerToys, WinAppCLI, Windows Dev Skills, Intelligent Terminal, PowerShell 7, Git, GitHub CLI, AzureCLI, Core Utils, Oh My Posh, Python 3.14+, uv, NVM, Node 24+, WSL 2+ Ubuntu, and .NET 10. Aside from that, Microsoft said it pre-configures Windows 11 so developers don’t have to dig through the settings menus of various apps to configure them for their needs.

It’s primarily designed for AI developers, especially since the devices it’s installed on are designed to run 30B+ parameter models locally and without meters. The company also made it more secure for developing and running agents, deploying features such as OS-enforced identity, containment through Microsoft Execution Containers (MXC), and enterprise-grade manageability for agents.

Project Zenith is Microsoft’s response to the AI token crisis, which has caused costs to spiral out of control, especially as agents use 1000x more tokens compared to standard AI. While frontier models would still be available on the cloud, AI developers could run everything else locally through devices like this, powered by this version of Windows 11. This should help AI developers keep using their agents without feeling the bite of tokenized billing, which is especially crucial for those working in smaller organizations or experimenting at home.

One big tradeoff with Project Zenith, though, is that it’s only available on expensive devices, at least for the moment. The AMD Ryzen AI Halo, with its AMD Ryzen AI Max+ 395 processor, 128GB LPDDR5x-8000 RAM, 2TB SSD, and integrated Radeon 8060S graphics, costs $3,999.99 on Micro Center. Even if Microsoft eventually makes Project Zenith available for separate purchase and installable on other mini-PCs, the 64 GB+ unified memory requirement will be a major roadblock, especially with skyrocketing RAM prices driven by the AI boom.

Microsoft will begin automatically enabling its Memory Integrity security feature on a broader range of eligible Windows PCs through quality updates starting in October 2026, extending the kernel-level protection to more existing devices by default. In a September 1 blog post, Microsoft said the rollout will provide stronger protection for more devices against attacks targeting the Windows kernel, while PCs that already have Memory Integrity deliberately disabled will retain their existing configuration.

“Windows quality updates will begin enabling memory integrity protection on eligible devices,” Microsoft said. The updates will also enable Virtualization-based Security (VBS) where required, which provides the isolated environment underlying Memory Integrity. Before making the change, Windows will automatically assess each device using what Microsoft describes as readiness signals covering its hardware capabilities, compatibility, and performance.

The October rollout is basically an expansion of Microsoft’s existing default-enablement policy. Memory Integrity is already switched on by default on clean Windows 11 installations that meet Microsoft’s hardware requirements, as well as on Secured-core PCs. Current requirements include an 8th Gen or newer Intel processor for Windows 11 22H2, an AMD Zen 2 or newer processor, at least 8GB of RAM on x64 systems, an SSD of at least 64GB, compatible drivers, and enabled hardware virtualization. Automatic activation under that policy applies to clean installations and not upgrades of existing devices.

Memory Integrity — also known as Hypervisor-Protected Code Integrity (HVCI) — has existed since the Windows 10 era and was originally released as part of Microsoft’s Device Guard security technology. It uses VBS and the Windows hypervisor to move kernel-mode code-integrity checks into an isolated environment, helping prevent malicious or untrusted code and drivers from executing in the Windows kernel. Windows 10 generally left the protection optional outside configurations such as S mode, while Windows 11 made it more of a default security feature on compatible new installations.

The feature comes with a performance wrinkle familiar to PC gamers, leading many gamers to disable it. Microsoft acknowledged in 2022 that Memory Integrity and Virtual Machine Platform could affect gaming performance on some Windows 11 configurations, and advised gamers prioritizing performance that they could temporarily disable these protections while playing, warning that doing so reduces security. The company’s own gaming guidance subsequently continued to recommend temporarily disabling Memory Integrity and VMP where they interfere with gaming performance.

The security feature’s impact on performance depends on the hardware. Microsoft says Memory Integrity performs better on newer processors with hardware features designed to accelerate the required isolation, while older CPUs relying on software emulation can experience a larger performance hit. Driver compatibility can also prevent activation, with Microsoft documenting issues ranging from malfunctioning software to incompatible gaming anti-cheat solutions.

For most users, the October change requires no action. Eligible PCs will be evaluated and updated automatically, while administrator policies and previous user choices remain in place. Microsoft specifically says systems where Memory Integrity has already been disabled “won’t be automatically changed by this rollout,” leaving gamers and other users who previously opted out in control of the setting.

The DataOne data center in Vineland, New Jersey, has faced a slew of complaints from the community since construction began in 2025. According to Stand.earth, the project has reportedly been operating several unpermitted gas turbines on site, spewing air pollution in the area near two local schools. Aside from that, the site has also faced allegations of constructing an unpermitted 1.5-million-gallon liquefied natural gas storage tank and of unacceptable noise levels at night, which affected residents within a half-mile radius of the data center.

Matt Williams, chairperson of the Sustain South Jersey group, told Tom’s Hardware that construction had already begun even before Nebius signed a multi-year agreement to “deliver dedicated capacity to Microsoft from its new data center in Vineland, New Jersey,” in October 2025. However, the residents only became aware that the project was a data center after the $19.4 billion deal to secure around 100,000 Nvidia GB300 GPUs for the tech giant was made public.

Vineland residents began seeing references to the data center in various government documents, prompting several questions to the city government. Because of this, the city called a town hall meeting last January 2026 — several months after construction on the data center had already begun, with DataOne CEO Charles-Antoine Beyney admitting that the meeting should have been initiated several months before.

A few weeks before the town hall, some people living within a half-mile radius of the site started complaining about noise from the development. While they couldn’t confirm the source of the noise, it was often described as a low hum, similar to that of a generator. A later investigation revealed that the site had 62 gas turbines deployed in the area, with at least 45 running at any given time. This is similar to what SpaceXAI has done in Memphis, Tennessee, where it deployed 69 unpermitted natural gas turbines to power its data centers. While the company has since promised to remove these polluting generators, it will do so only over a span of one year, as they’re being slowly replaced by a 1.2-GW on-site power plant.

There have also been concerns that the site’s stormwater management system does not comply with the state’s regulations. A third-party engineering review stated that if these issues are not fixed, they could result in on-site and off-site flooding, especially given the site’s massive 55-acre size. The experts also noted that the data center has “underestimated the annual groundwater recharge by at least 20 million gallons per year,” which could result in lower aquifer levels and reduce the amount of water available or the water quality for the people living in the area.

“The incident should shatter the illusion that Microsoft is a ‘good neighbor’ or in any way more responsible than the other Big Tech companies,” Stand.earth Senior Campaigner Nathan Taft said in the statement. “This investigation has revealed that far from ‘doing this work differently than other’ as it promised, Microsoft is drawing directly from Elon Musk’s xAI playbook of doing the damage first and asking for permission later.”

In an interview with Tom’s Hardware, Nathan said that even though Microsoft does not directly own or operate the Vineland data center, it stands to reason that the tech giant should do something about all these complaints, as it’s the one that has contracted Nebius for the computing power, which resulted in DataOne’s construction project. He compared this to a contractor making a mess on their client’s neighbor’s property. Even though a third-party provider — DataOne — was at fault for the issue, the fact that the people have already been complaining should give Nebius pause and compel Microsoft to do something.

DataOne’s actions in New Jersey directly contradict the promise Microsoft made back in January 2026, and residents are asking the tech giant to stand by its word. Although the concerns about air and noise pollution are technically not mentioned in the company’s “community-friendly” commitments, these issues still impact the quality of life of the people living around the DataOne data center. Aside from that, the unpermitted construction shows it does not adhere to the rules of Vineland. “The developers have been ‘act first, pay the fine, and ask for forgiveness later,’” says Mr. Williams.

Developer Xusheng Li has uncovered some previously unknown functionality deep within Microsoft’s Paint and Photos apps. The findings concern GUID watermarks. While these programs clearly add Copilot logo watermarks to images where LLM image generation has played a part in the process, Li also uncovered an invisible watermark and the process behind embedding it. To be clear, both these watermarks are merely to identify/verify imagery where AI has had a role in the creation, so GUID should not be confused with the recent controversies over Microsoft’s GDID traceable device-specific telemetry.

Li says that simple curiosity spurred him to investigate the AI features of the Paint app in Windows 11. The image generation functionality being capable of calling a remote API was expected. However, the dev got more curious when four apparent model files were found in the app path for local processing. Specifically, one of the local files was an ONNX-like model, the other 3 were encrypted ONNX-like files…

With all four files unencrypted and open to probing, investigations led to watermarker.dll being uncovered. Initially, Li thought it was just for visible watermarking tooling, leaving a Copilot logo on the bottom right of the image. It calls the AddPerceptibleWatermark function to do this. However, with curiosity stoked by the DLL file’s larger-than-expected size, the dev decided to ask AI to analyze the file. The AI found there was also a function to embed an invisible watermark.

The invisible watermarking function is called WmkWriteWatermark. Microsoft’s embedding process basically insists on this invisible watermark in its Stable Diffusion image generation output. If WmkWriteWatermark fails for any reason, the generation process will result in an error.

Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity (C2PA) credentials

Li provides some further technical insight into the hidden watermark. Most strikingly, he asserts that the watermarking information mixes a server-issued GUID into the pixels. That isn’t the end of the identifying data bundling. “Paint does more than alter the pixels,” notes the dev. “It also attaches C2PA Content Credentials to the saved file. The code responsible for this lives in ProvenanceHelper.dll, backed by provenancesdk.dll.”

In conclusion, even on devices where local image generation occurs, the prompt is still sent to Microsoft servers for moderation, says Li. Moreover, the dev indicates this watermarking is mandatory, and if the process fails, Paint will abort the entire image generation process. In Photos, there is the same GUID mechanism in place when AI is used, but it will still return the image and just log an error if the watermarking process has issues.

It is thought that all this hidden processing “might be related to Article 50 of the EU AI Act, whose transparency rules took effect on August 2, 2026, and require AI-generated content to carry a detectable, machine-readable mark—but not a prompt-specific GUID.”

China's Ministry of State Security has told some state-linked organizations to remove a customized version of Windows 10 from their machines, Bloomberg reports, citing people familiar with the matter. The order reportedly accelerates a planned retirement that the software's developer had scheduled for February 2027, and it sent Chinese OS vendors' shares surging, with Hunan Kylinsec and Archermind both hitting Shanghai's 20% daily limit and China National Software climbing 10%. Bloomberg's sources attributed the directive to data security concerns but didn't specify what vulnerabilities Beijing is worried about.

The affected software is the government edition developed by C&M Information Technologies (CMIT), a joint venture set up in 2016 between Microsoft and state-owned China Electronics Technology Group, with the Chinese side holding the majority stake. The build is based on Windows 10 Enterprise but strips out OneDrive and other consumer-facing components, disables certain native functions, keeps updates and activation inside China, and lets government users substitute Chinese encryption algorithms for Microsoft's standard cryptography. China Customs and Shanghai's Commission of Economy and Informatization were among the first pilot customers when the edition launched in 2017.

Microsoft ended mainstream Windows 10 support globally in October 2025, which left CMIT's edition as the only Windows still officially sanctioned for Chinese government use. "Microsoft is not aware of a security incident affecting this product," a company spokesperson told Bloomberg, adding that it continues to receive regular security updates.

Beijing banned Windows 8 from government procurement in 2014, ordered a three-year replacement of foreign PCs in government offices starting in 2019, and in 2022 told central agencies and state firms to scrap foreign-branded computers entirely. The domestic stack built to absorb that demand now includes Kylin V10, UnionTech's UOS, and Huawei's HarmonyOS 5 laptops, and it reaches down to the silicon in systems like Huawei's Qingyun desktops running the homegrown Kirin 9000X.

StatCounter's traffic data shows how little of that campaign has reached the consumer market. Windows accounted for 87.64% of Chinese desktop web traffic in July 2026, and Windows 10 alone still made up 43.56% of Chinese Windows usage, compared with 50.01% for Windows 11, ten months after mainstream support ended. Roughly two in five Chinese desktops are currently running an unsupported Microsoft OS, the gap that CMIT's edition was meant to close for government users.

It's not clear what the scope of the new directive is, with Bloomberg's reporting covering “some” state-linked entities. CMIT didn't respond to the outlet's request for comment.

Apple used to be among a few companies willing to buy memory and other components worth billions of dollars under long-term supply contracts at fixed prices. But the artificial intelligence era represents a new reality with new purchasing champions, marking a tectonic shift in the high-tech world. Alphabet, Microsoft, Meta, and Amazon have purchase commitments totaling about $2 trillion, and a significant portion of these commitments are for memory, according to estimates by analyst Claus Aasholm. While the commitments are approximate, span many years, and should be generally taken with a grain of salt, they still reflect the direction the industry is moving.

Combined purchasing commitments from the four major hyperscalers shown in the chart —Amazon, Alphabet, Meta, and Microsoft — reached nearly $2 trillion by Q2 2026, with Alphabet and Microsoft accounting for the overwhelming majority of the total.

The rapid expansion suggests several major findings. Firstly, the AI infrastructure race is accelerating, not stabilizing. Secondly, AI infrastructure investments are driven by a handful of hyperscale cloud service providers (CSPs) whose long-term procurement commitments now vastly exceed those of traditional consumer electronics companies such as Apple.

Thirdly, memory has become a strategic asset — perhaps a competition weapon — rather than a commodity. Fourthly, suppliers of memory — both 3D NAND and DRAM — are gaining pricing power. Finally, demand for memory will likely drive major capacity expansion at Micron, Samsung, and SK hynix, even though so far these companies have been exceptionally disciplined about their capacity investments.

Almost $2 trillion commitments

Google shows by far the most aggressive increase in purchasing commitments, rising from roughly $140 – $150 billion in Q3 2025 to around $811 billion by Q2 2026 (though these are total purchase commitments by Alphabet, not specifically memory purchase commitments), while Microsoft follows a similar trajectory and reaches approximately $678 billion in total obligations, which includes, but is not limited to memory.

Meta is also ramping commitments substantially to around $349.3 billion (again, these are total commitments), whereas Amazon increased its commitments more gradually to roughly $130 billion. By contrast, Apple — which makes the world's most popular smartphone, and which was the largest consumer of memory just a couple of years ago — remains almost flat throughout the period at approximately $57 billion (of which $56.2 billion is payable within 12 months). Apple's commitments fall well short of Nvidia's commitments of $119 billion.

Again, we are talking about total purchase commitments, which include foundry capacity, 3D NAND, and DRAM memory, but are not limited to them. Alphabet, Amazon, Meta, and Microsoft all build custom silicon and custom servers, so a significant portion of these commitments is to various EMS providers.

While $1.968 trillion of purchase commitments for memory and storage alone would be an absurdly large amount of money, a huge portion of these commitments consists of contract manufacturing obligations as well as memory chips. This suggests that the foundry, 3D NAND, and DRAM markets are entering a new phase in which hyperscalers are willing to make vastly larger forward purchasing commitments than traditional consumer-electronics companies, giving suppliers a strong incentive to prioritize customers prepared to secure future capacity on that scale.

Strategic assets

While Claus Aasholm's chart is explicitly dedicated to memory, it does describe total purchase commitments of tech giants, so the chart can reasonably be read as evidence that memory and capacity at TSMC, Samsung Foundry, and GlobalFoundries are becoming a strategic asset rather than merely another component to procure at the best available price.

AI infrastructure requires enormous quantities of AI accelerators, DRAM (including HBM), and 3D NAND. Meanwhile, the supply of high-end memory (HBM) is constrained by fab capacity at major DRAM makers, whereas the supply of AI accelerators is constrained by both wafer capacity and foundries and packaging capacity at foundries and their OSAT partners. As a result, hyperscaler CSPs have an incentive to lock in supply years ahead, even if doing so requires exceptionally large purchasing commitments.

That also changes the relationship between semiconductor suppliers and their customers. In theory, a company willing to guarantee hundreds of billions of dollars of future purchases can effectively help underwrite expansions of foundry, memory, and advanced packaging capacity and, in return, secure priority access to scarce products and future process technologies. In reality, TSMC can well afford capacity expansion using the money it gets from hyperscalers and give priority to its largest customers. In this environment, access to DDR5, HBM, and 3D NAND memory becomes part of the competitive advantage rather than merely a procurement exercise.

This is also what makes Apple's position in the graph interesting: its purchasing commitments barely move while those of Alphabet, Amazon, Meta, and Microsoft surge. If the trend continues, Apple may remain one of the world's largest semiconductor buyers in absolute terms, but the question is whether it will be among the key customers that foundries, memory makers, and OSATs plan their future capacity expansions.

An inflection point

Perhaps the most interesting takeaway of the findings revealed by long-term purchase commitments is that the industry's center of gravity appears to have shifted.

During the smartphone era, foundries (well, TSMC has won) and memory suppliers often competed aggressively for Apple's business because of its enormous purchasing power. Today, hyperscalers building AI infrastructure are making purchasing commitments that dwarf those of traditional CE companies like Apple, which may well represent a strategic inflection point akin to the one Andy Grove described in his 'Only the Paranoid Survive' book.

Will this tectonic shift result in prioritization of customers capable of enabling future capacity expansions through massive long-term purchase agreements, or will foundries and memory makers remain more or less disciplined with their capacity expansions so as not to lose a lot when demand declines? This is a question that has yet to be asked.

In any case, the AI megatrend has transformed semiconductors — from foundries to advanced packaging and from DDR5 to HBM4 — into strategic assets that can no longer be treated as ordinary components procured on demand. And this is something that will continue in the long run.

A developer has ported Microsoft Word for Windows 1.1a to x64 so it can now run natively on Windows 11 PC systems. JMarshall23 on GitHub stresses that this is a fully working native Windows x64 port using “original Word source and resources together with modern replacements for the 16-bit assembly, segmented-memory, and Win16 platform boundaries.” It also includes some extra features for “research purposes.” Microsoft Word for Windows 1.1a was originally released over a quarter of a century ago.

This release of Word marked a milestone in the word processing market, as it pioneered genuinely useful feature additions like WYSIWYG editing, graphics, and table insertion on Windows. It would spearhead the momentum in shifting users from DOS productivity monsters like WordPerfect to complete dominance in Windows-land. Word for Windows 1.1a added all its frills while remaining very efficient, running on systems with CPUs that ran in single-figure MHz speeds, and with as little as 1MB of RAM.

Another notable feature of this version of Word for Windows is that Microsoft permitted its source code to be released in full. You can still grab that code via the Computer History Museum (CHM). There you will find a 7MB bundle of C source, x86 assembly, build tools, and documentation. These 1,021 files in 33 folders are what JMarshall23 started with.

GitHub doesn’t have Windows x64 binaries ready for the casually curious on the lookout for a free, lightweight word processor to download and use. Instead, you’ll need access to Visual Studio 2022 with Desktop development with C++, a Windows 10 or Windows 11 SDK installed through Visual Studio, CMake 3.25 or newer, and PowerShell, notes Marshall. Then simply follow the GitHub instructions to build and run Word1.

It will be interesting to see if more comes from this x64 port, but Microsoft’s Word for Windows 1.1a code release carries a license that “permits only non-commercial use and does not give you the right to license it to third parties by posting copies elsewhere on the web,” says the CHM.

Xbox price increases across the UK and Europe have been revealed, reports the Video Games Chronicle. Promotional graphics for these markets show that Microsoft is stoking prices up as much as £170 or €200, depending on the model buyers are interested in. The confirmation comes a little more than a week after it was revealed that U.S. customers were going to be facing Xbox price increases by as high as $150 from August 1.

The unquenchable thirst of AI data centers for computing hardware has precipitated the unusual sight of consoles actually getting more expensive as their life cycle extends. Now we are seeing consoles priced as much as $300 more than when they originally launched in 2020. Yes, this latest price rise isn’t the first.

The worst hit are those looking for the most capable SKUs. Specifically, all the big numbers we’ve used to illustrate the scale of these rises reference the Xbox Series X (1TB, Disc) pricing. This device now costs $799 in the U.S., £669 in the UK, and €799 in Europe. Check the table below for the full range of SKUs and new prices.

It looks like those in European markets will be hardest hit, as a €200 increase converts to an approximate $230 increase. Remember that UK and European prices for consumer goods will always include all sales taxes, though.

In our recent story about the Xbox price hikes (in the U.S.), we noted that the 2TB console was also killed off by Microsoft.

Readers won’t be surprised that this latest set of hikes is another symptom of the AI boom and RAMpocalypse. The pricing of essential components used by servers, computers, smart devices, and consoles alike has all skyrocketed over the last year, led by RAM and SSDs.

Sony increased all its PlayStation 5 prices in April, with every SKU going up by $100. Perhaps it will have to revise things upwards again, shortly. Meanwhile, PC buyers are also glum with the rapidly increasing prices of components and pre-built console-killers like the Steam Deck and Steam Machine, all seeing significant price increases.

Another day another Doom port, but the new DoomPaint stands out from the crowd for a few reasons. Firstly, it has been developed by Mark Russinovich, the Microsoft Azure CTO. Secondly, DoomPaint runs the actual original shareware Doom release using MS Paint as the monitor or viewport for in-game action. That’s different, and it is remarkable to read that the OLE clipboard hack behind this latest Doom escapade allows the game to run at a fair pace, up to 35 FPS, but might also sometimes be “spreadsheet-tier,” according to the author.

“The actual Doom engine (ViZDoom) runs the real shareware DOOM1.WAD — with the BSD-licensed Freedoom WADs covering the episodes shareware doesn't ship — and renders headlessly,” explains Russinovich on the project GitHub page. “Every frame is placed on the Windows clipboard and pasted into Paint's canvas as a genuine document edit.” The Microsoft CTO adds that the relatively low frame rate “is part of the charm” of DoomPaint, but 35 FPS isn’t bad, if you can make it, especially in 1990s PC gaming terms.

There are files, resources and instructions on how to run DoomPaint on the GitHub site. Depending on your machine you may be able to run this version of Doom at a full 35 FPS at 320 x 200, or even 640 x 400 pixels. It even includes sound and music.

Towards the end of the README file, Russinovich says that “Paint renders the game but does not compute it. Paint computes nothing. Paint has never computed anything. That's the joke.” DoomPaint is distributed under the MIT license.

Russinovich started at Microsoft in 2006, where he’s transformed SysInternals into the backbone of Windows diagnostics. More recently he’s shaped Azure’s architecture, security, and reliability. Over the past year he has, accidentally or by design, become well known as a leading voice behind addressing the many shortcomings of Windows 11.

It's therefore kind of surprising that this busy CTO has time to fiddle with projects like DoomPaint. However, the most dedicated coding and computer enthusiasts will also code and compute in their spare time.

Amazon, Google, Meta, and Microsoft have spent more than a trillion dollars on AI infrastructure, including data centers, the chips inside them, and the power needed to run the facilities, since 2023. The Financial Times said that these four big companies have already hit $1.1 trillion in capital expenditure based on their latest earnings reports, and that an additional $745 billion is expected to be added to this figure just this year.

“There is basically no end in sight for the growth in capex,” RBC Capital analyst Rishi Jaluria told the publication. “Investors need these companies to toe the tight line between investing in AI and not compromising the things that have made them successful.” This massive investment has upended several other industries — namely electricity prices and memory and storage chips. The massive power demand that data centers have put on the power grid has forced many U.S. utility companies to spend billions of dollars to upgrade their respective infrastructure, which they then passed on to all consumers, not just the big ones that forced the upgrade.

This, alongside other environmental issues, has caused many Americans to push back against data center projects near their communities. The White House instituted the “ratepayer protection pledge” and made AI hyperscalers, utility operators, data center companies, and individual states promise that they will protect the average consumer from electricity cost increases. But so far, no state has taken a step to codify this pledge into law. Oregon actually enacted the POWER Act, which resulted in a 30% increase in the power bill of users that consumed more than 20MW while slashing the bills of residents by 1.3%, but the state did this in 2025, way before President Donald Trump called the tech giants into the White House and told them to “pay their own way.”

The mountains of cash that these tech giants are pouring into AI are also affecting the memory and storage chip industry. Since these AI hyperscalers have a lot of liquidity from investors, they are willing to pay top dollar for the HBM they need to run their data centers. Because of this, it made sense for Micron, Samsung, and SK hynix to prioritize them over DRAM, especially as they can charge a premium for these chips and there are customers who are willing to pay at those prices. This resulted in a shortage of consumer memory that started in 2025 — while this initially affected PC builders and enthusiasts, it has started to affect other industries that require memory as well, including cars and smartphones. Even Apple, which historically had huge sway over its suppliers, was forced to increase prices because of the shortages.

Aside from skewing other industries, the massive CAPEX the big four are going into is alarming some experts, warning that the promises and contracts they’re making are leading to “hidden debt” not listed in their balance sheets. The amount, worth around $1.65 trillion, is annotated in their quarterly financial statements as future obligations that will only come into play as the related asset or service comes online. The current value is 122% of the actual debt reflected on their balance sheets, which could give investors the wrong impression that they have fewer obligations than they actually have.

While the amount of money that the big four are spending on AI might seem dizzyingly high, we must note that these companies are raking in massive amounts of cash quarterly themselves. Microsoft’s latest quarterly revenue is $90 billion, while Meta made $60 billion in the same period. Alphabet (Google) announced revenue of nearly $120 billion, while Amazon made $200 billion. That is a total of nearly $470 billion for these companies in just the last quarter.

Still, that does not mean that they can just keep on spending on AI. For example, even though Google’s cloud business had a revenue of $11 billion last year, its price dropped after it announced that it spent more than it made last quarter — the first time this happened in the 20 years since it went public. Meta is also planning to rent out its AI compute, apparently following in the footsteps of Amazon, Google, and Microsoft, which have growing cloud businesses. However, this announcement caused a drop in its stock price. “They are a bit all over the place,” SLC Management managing director Dec Mullarkey told FT. “For investors it’s no longer growth at any cost; they want to see the spending flowing through to results, like at the Big Three.”

Microsoft announced that it’s increasing Minecraft’s minimum and recommended system requirements for the first time in 17 years. According to the company’s blog post, Minecraft: Java Edition will get a spec bump to ensure that the game runs smoothly today and in the future. While it’s understandable that the game’s developers would want to increase the performance of the hardware that the title runs on to implement more advanced features, the new requirements are significantly higher than the previous minimum specification. This could negatively affect players on older hardware that barely hits the minimum requirements, who would have no choice but to upgrade their PCs at a time when RAM prices are at a record high.

The new minimum specifications are quite reasonable, with the recommended specs falling squarely within the performance of the most common hardware in June’s Steam Hardware Survey (which also indicates that AMD now has more than 45% market share compared to Intel). If your system used to be at or higher than Minecraft: Java Edition’s previously recommended specifications, but no longer hits the current minimum requirements, you can switch over to the Bedrock Edition to continue gaming, although you might have to forgo some of your favorite mods.

If you’re running the bare minimum hardware to play Minecraft, Microsoft said that you could still possibly launch the game, although it warned that you might run into some issues. “These updated recommended system requirements won’t stop you from playing Minecraft: Java Edition today. If your computer falls below the new minimum requirements, Java Edition should still launch,” the company said in the Minecraft blog. “However, its performance and visual quality are no longer guaranteed on below-spec hardware, and it may struggle or fail to launch Java Edition in the future – especially as we transition away from OpenGL and towards Vulkan. We will keep players informed of these changes, especially changes that will sunset hardware that previously supported Minecraft: Java Edition.”

This means that you’ll have to spend some money to upgrade your system to just to continue playing your favorite game. You don’t have to spend thousands of dollars to get a new PC or join a giveaway to be able to play, though. If you know what you’re looking for, you can plausibly buy a used gaming laptop or desktop PC for around $350 to $500 — that should give you about a decade or more to enjoy the game if Microsoft keeps its spec upgrade cadence of 17 years for future versions of Minecraft.

Xbox has announced a new Xbox Backward Compatibility for PC program, which will let gamers play a selection of classic Xbox titles on PCs and handhelds, a move the company says marks the beginning of a bigger push into Xbox game preservation. The announcement begins with four titles that can now be played on PCs and handhelds, including the ROG Xbox Ally and Ally X.

"This marks the beginning of a broader effort to preserve XBOX games from the past and bring them to PC over time," the company said in a blog post authored by Xbox "VP next generation" Jason Ronald. Alongside backward compatibility, the company says games will also include new features. The four titles in the announcement are:

• BLiNX: The Time Sweeper 
• Conker: Live and Reloaded 
• Crimson Skies: High Road to Revenge 
• Fuzion Frenzy

You can now buy all of these games on PC, and they're also included in all Xbox Game Pass plans. Anyone who already owns these titles digitally on console can also now play them on PC or handheld, with support for Xbox Play Anywhere and Xbox Cloud Gaming. Crucially, this appears to be a digital-only preservation effort, so it won't help anyone who only owns physical copies of these games. Xbox has reportedly been testing a way to digitize physical games as far back as Xbox One, but that hasn't yet materialized yet.

Alongside the preserved original gameplay, Xbox claims these games will let users customize graphics settings, with up to 4x resolution scaling, VSync support, Fullscreen and Windowed modes, anisotropic filtering, and enhanced anti-aliasing, with more features to come in the future. Notably, Xbox will add achievements to select original Xbox games on console and PC.

Users who want to play these titles will need to meet the following system requirements:

Microsoft's emphasis on preserving older games is particularly noteworthy given recent backlash against Sony over its decision to end physical games with its next console generation, and the shuttering of some of its online stores. While Xbox's digital emphasis on game preservation still can't match the solidarity of physical media preservation, the timing of this announcement seems like more than just a coincidence.

Five U.S. tech giants heavily invested in AI and its related infrastructure reportedly have an estimated $1.65 trillion in hidden debt, with the figures annotated in their quarterly financial statements instead of being listed in their balance sheets. According to Nikkei Asia, this is higher than the $1.35 trillion officially listed, meaning investors could be caught unaware once the hidden figures come to light.

The publication says that Meta has a high off-balance-sheet-to-recorded-debt ratio, with the company owing $420 billion in unlisted debts compared to the $140 billion written on the balance sheet. Oracle purportedly also has a massive $273.3 billion of hidden debt, which is a 2,900% jump from the hidden debt it had from 2022.

This may sound strange, but it’s actually an accepted accounting practice. The “hidden debt” stems from long-term contracts that have been signed but have not come into force yet, which, Nikkei says, is mostly related to the billions of dollars promised to data center operators. The AI race has got many hyperscalers signing contracts and agreements with data center operators, saying that they will pay for the compute they generate once their project goes online.

While any institution promising to pay any amount of money for services or goods delivered is obliged to list them as a liability, the fact that these data centers haven’t started operations means that these agreements are off-the-books at the moment. But when these projects come online, the contracts that the tech giants have signed will come into force, and they’ll have to pay for the compute that these sites will deliver, no matter if there is demand or not.

Nevertheless, these tech companies aren’t just pouring money into future contracts just for the sake of it. Alphabet, Amazon, and Microsoft reportedly have a cloud service backlog worth $1.45 trillion, meaning these are services yet to be rendered and paid. Amazon Web Services CEO Matt Garman also told the publication that the investments that the company is getting into are “not speculative.”

While this may seem like a good way to secure capacity — sign customer contracts that guarantee demand and then enter into long-term agreements with data centers to get the compute needed to deliver the services- it opens these tech giants to massive amounts of risk. That’s because if the demand fails to materialize, then they’d be left paying for excess compute without having any customers to sell them to. What’s more alarming is that Nikkei says that these investment expenditures are exceeding their earnings, meaning these big tech companies are increasingly relying on corporate bonds and new shares to fund them.

Even though demand for AI compute is increasing, it’s still a relatively new and unproven technology, with many experts saying that it should benefit more people to avoid a bubble. The cost of using AI for nearly everything, called “tokenmaxxing,” has also caught some companies by surprise, with agentic AI eating up annual AI budgets in a matter of weeks. Because of this, some companies are reducing their use of AI or are switching to more affordable models from China. This uncertainty, paired with the way tech companies “hide” these liabilities, is quite concerning, as they would appear to have less long-term obligations than they actually do.

This isn’t the first time that an industry giant has used similar accounting techniques. The publication cited Enron’s 2001 collapse, which was due to the company hiding its troubled assets through special purpose entities and marking unrealized gains from trading contracts into its current income statements. While the tech giants are not hiding underperforming assets off their balance sheets and committing fraud, they’re still using a similar mechanism to list their upcoming obligations. Although these are technically not debt, they still behave like one, and the way they’re reported is what’s concerning some experts.

The demand for AI compute is already insatiable, and it seems only poised to grow in the wake of the introduction of frontier-class open models like Kimi K3 that anybody can potentially fine-tune and serve. Against this backdrop, Microsoft and AMD are teaming up to get Redmond more AI FLOPS for both internal and external use. The two companies announced this morning that Microsoft will commit to adding AMD's Helios rack-scale AI accelerator in volume to run frontier-model workloads in its own data centers, as well as for Azure AI infrastructure customers and services.

The partnership makes next-gen AMD AI compute available to Azure customers like AI labs for AI training and inference serving workloads, and it’ll also underpin managed compute for enterprise customers looking to deploy AI workloads through Microsoft Foundry.

The two companies didn't indicate the exact size of Microsoft's Helios deployment in either watts or dollars, but the commitment would seem to be another major win for AMD as it seeks to grab data center GPU share from Nvidia. AMD has struck massive partnerships with OpenAI and Meta in the past year with gigawatts of compute installations and hundreds of billions of dollars potentially hanging in the balance.

For a quick refresher, the Helios rack-scale accelerator will take the fight to Nvidia’s Vera Rubin NVL72 system when it arrives later this year. Helios joins together 72 next-generation Instinct MI455X GPUs with an aggregate of 31.1TB of HBM4 memory capacity across the system. Those GPUs offer as much as 1.4 exaFLOPS of FP8 compute and 2.9 exaFLOPS of FP4 for AI models using those OCP AI data types.

AMD is targeting 260 TB/s of scale-up bandwidth within the rack, on par with Nvidia’s Vera Rubin NVL72 rack-scale system, and 43 TB/s of scale-out bandwidth using UALink over Ethernet, or about twice that of Vera Rubin, although the performance of UALink over Ethernet in practice remains to be seen.

Microsoft and AMD also announced that Azure will add two new VM series built on AMD's upcoming sixth-gen Epyc Venice CPUs: the HDv2 series for "agentic AI and data pipelines," and the HXv2 for semiconductor design workflows. Microsoft will also leverage its existing deployment of AMD Pensando DPUs to integrate that hardware into its Azure Boost offerings to accelerate networking and storage processing operations.

Tom’s Hardware will be on the ground at AMD’s Advancing AI event this week, where we expect to learn more about AMD’s AI ambitions for the second half of this year and beyond. Stay tuned for our coverage from that event.

Windows 95 worked out whether a setup program had run by reading the executable's name and checking it against a short list of hard-coded words, according to Microsoft engineer and semi-official Windows historian Raymond Chen, sharing the details via his Old New Thing blog. A filename containing "setup," "install," or "inst" flagged the program as an installer, which triggered the operating system's routine for repairing system files that installers had damaged. Three non-English entries appeared on the same list, which Chen identified as his own guesses at Italian, Turkish, and Hungarian.

The full match list ran to six terms: setup, install, inst, imposta, ayarla, and felrak. Chen wrote that "install" was redundant, because any name containing it already contains "inst," and speculated that the shorter entry was added later to catch installers named along the lines of "blahinst" without anyone deleting the original. A program whose own name produced no match got a second test, with Windows 95 checking whether the word "Setup" appeared anywhere in the path to the executable. A separate live check ran after any multimedia driver was installed through an INF file, added because those drivers frequently overwrote system DLLs.

This heuristic gated a recovery mechanism Chen described in March. Installers of the period overwrote system files without checking versions, disregarding Microsoft's rule that a file should only ever be replaced by a newer one. An installer carrying Windows 3.1 copies of shared DLLs, for example, would bury the newer Windows 95 versions underneath them, and every program that relied on the current files would break.

Windows 95 kept backup copies of commonly clobbered files in a hidden C:\Windows\SYSBCKUP directory. It would then let each installer finish, check its work, and restore the correct versions where the installer had downgraded them. This safety net depended entirely on correctly guessing that an installer had run, so a setup routine with an unusual name slipped past it, while an ordinary program named something like instant.exe tripped it for nothing.

The file check was often deferred until the next boot rather than run immediately, with Chen explaining that some installers, unable to replace a file already in use, would drop back to MS-DOS, run a batch file to swap the file, and restart Windows, so the cleanup pass had to wait for the reboot to catch anything the batch file had altered.

Windows 2000 debuted a new approach

Microsoft dropped this approach in Windows 2000, which introduced Windows File Protection. That system registers for file-change notifications through Winlogon restores protected files from a cache at %WinDir%\System32\dllcache, with no filename guessing and no waiting for a setup program to complete.

Then, Windows ME shipped a comparable System File Protection, and Vista onward moved to Windows Resource Protection, which guards files using access-control lists instead. The sfc /scannow command that Windows 11 users still run to repair system files descends directly from that work, having replaced a 1995 mechanism that decided when to act by scanning filenames for the word "setup."

A Brazilian gamer who lost his Microsoft account and all his digital games has won a court order forcing the company to hand it all back, after support staff told him to simply repurchase his library. The user, who posts as Ordo_Liberal on Reddit, shared a screenshot of a small-claims ruling in the Xbox subreddit that gives Microsoft 15 days to restore access or face fines and roughly $400 (R$2,000) in damages. He said the account had two-factor authentication enabled when it was flagged and permanently suspended, and that none of Microsoft's recovery options allowed him to regain access before he filed his lawsuit.

According to the support emails he posted, Microsoft suspended the account after detecting what it described as unauthorized access, and said an investigation found the account's security information had been changed. The company treated the suspension as permanent and directed him to buy his games again rather than reinstating the ones already tied to the account.

Anyone with a large Microsoft account might want to take note here, because the suspension didn’t target a single game or console but the user’s entire account. Microsoft accounts can carry Xbox purchases, Windows licenses, store apps, 365, and OneDrive data, and a permanent suspension blocks all of it, even, as in this case, when you’ve got strong security and two-factor authentication set up.

Brazil's Consumer Defense Code and its small-claims track allow individuals to bring cases without a lawyer and without paying court costs, meaning Ordo_Liberal was able to take Microsoft to court without incurring any costs. If Microsoft misses the payment deadline, an additional 10% penalty will be imposed. While the damages awarded in this case are minor, it's notable that Microsoft has been compelled to restore the account and its contents, which runs counter to the standard platform position that customers license digital games rather than own them.

This, of course, is a first-instance small-claims judgment, not binding precedent, and it covers one account in one jurisdiction. Courts elsewhere have gone the other way. Chinese courts have recognized game accounts as inheritable property, while U.S. rulings generally treat games as revocable licenses. The case comes as both Microsoft and Sony push players away from physical media, with Xbox testing a way to convert discs into digital entitlements and Sony ending new PlayStation disc production in 2028. Microsoft hasn’t publicly commented on the ruling.

Microsoft’s emissions for fiscal 2025 (FY25) rose by 25% from the previous year, even as the company’s 2030 deadline to become carbon-negative draws closer. According to the company’s 2026 Environmental Sustainability Report, released on Thursday, July 9, the backward step was driven primarily by the rapid expansion of its data center infrastructure and its decision to stop using short-term renewable energy certificates, which reduced its reported footprint without necessarily adding new clean electricity to power grids.

Microsoft reported approximately 20.3 million metric tons of carbon dioxide-equivalent emissions across its operations and supply chain, up from 16.2 million tons in fiscal 2024 and nearly 58% above its 2020 baseline. Electricity consumption increased by 24% during the year as the company built the computing capacity required for its cloud and AI businesses. Regardless, Microsoft says it remains committed to becoming carbon-negative, water-positive, and zero-waste by 2030. It also reported meeting its 2025 renewable-electricity target, replenishing more water than it withdrew globally, and exceeding several waste-recovery targets

The report’s foreword, written by Microsoft Vice Chair and President Brad Smith and Chief Sustainability Officer Melanie Nakagawa, focused heavily on the collision between the company’s headline sustainability goals and the realities of AI. Microsoft established the goals in 2020, a few years before the current scale of AI’s capabilities and the corresponding high environmental demands began to manifest.

While AI is inarguably a world-changing technological revolution, it is raising serious environmental concerns that begin right at the raw material sourcing and the complex semiconductor fabrication stages. The impact continues even after the processors have been compiled into supercomputers in massive data centers, with issues related to land use, energy consumption, noise pollution, and water consumption. Residents are increasingly opposing the building of these data centers in their communities due to these issues.

Microsoft is exposed at nearly every point of the AI chain. It procures servers and custom AI chips; owns and operates a massive, global network of over 300 data centers across 34 countries that powers the Azure cloud platform; and supplies the computing infrastructure behind products such as Copilot and its partnership with OpenAI. Scope 3 emissions from construction, purchased hardware, suppliers, and other value-chain activities remain the largest part of its footprint. Meanwhile, electricity-related Scope 2 emissions grew from nearly 2% of the total in 2024 to 13% in 2025.

Microsoft acknowledges that environmental solutions are not expanding as quickly as AI infrastructure. “This tension is real,” the foreword states. “It is forcing sharper questions: Where do we need to move faster, invest differently, or rethink our approach?” The company argues that the answer is not to retreat from AI, but to combine carbon-free electricity, carbon removal, sustainable fuels, lower-carbon construction materials, hardware reuse, and efficiency improvements into a single portfolio rather than treating each environmental target separately.

Its decision to stop buying non-additional, unbundled renewable energy certificates forms part of that change. These certificates can allow a company to claim renewable electricity already being generated elsewhere. Microsoft says it will instead prioritize longer-term agreements that help add additional carbon-free generating capacity to the grid, even though doing so will increase its reported emissions in the near term. Its renewable-energy agreements now cover up to 40 GW across 26 countries, with approximately 19 GW operational.

The company is also modifying the data centers themselves. It introduced a closed-loop liquid-cooling design that CEO Satya Nadella says enables AI data centers to use about as much water annually as a restaurant. Microsoft is experimenting with microfluidic channels etched into silicon, zonal cooling that reserves colder liquid for the hottest equipment, and lower-carbon concrete, steel, and mass timber for its construction. These efforts have not exactly quelled anti-data-center sentiment around its data centers. The company faced protests over a planned facility near Granger, Indiana, while residents living near its $7.3 billion Fairwater AI complex in Wisconsin have filed a lawsuit alleging persistent noise, dust, traffic, and light pollution.

Away from carbon, the report records clearer progress. Microsoft replenished 14.2 million cubic meters of water, exceeding its global withdrawals for the first time, and reduced average data center water-use effectiveness by 25% from its 2022 baseline. It achieved a 92% reuse and recycling rate for retired cloud hardware, diverted 90.5% of construction and demolition waste from disposal, and reduced single-use plastics in primary product packaging to 0.07%. It also legally protected 16,266 acres of land, approximately 36% more than the land estimated to be occupied by its operations.

The report is equally candid about where Microsoft is falling behind. The company's most important commitment—becoming carbon-negative by 2030 — is moving further away rather than closer. Total greenhouse-gas emissions climbed 25% year over year and now sit roughly 58% above the company's 2020 baseline, largely because AI infrastructure is expanding faster than its decarbonization efforts can offset. Scope 2 emissions also jumped sharply, rising from nearly 2% of Microsoft's footprint in FY24 to 13% in FY25 as electricity demand from new data centers surged. While Scope 3 emissions remain the company's largest source of carbon pollution, the report says the growing contribution from purchased electricity underscores how increasingly difficult it is to power AI infrastructure with clean energy alone.

The Internet is buzzing over news that 19-year-old Estonian "hacker" Peter Stokes got nabbed by the authorities and extradited to the U.S. on digital crime charges, mostly thanks to Microsoft Windows' built-in telemetry. The FBI seemingly subpoenaed Microsoft, which coughed up telemetry logs that contained both Stokes' GDID (Global Device Identifier) and websites he visited using his main Windows machine.

The existence of GDID isn't new by itself, as Windows telemetry's data collection has been extensively analyzed and reported on. It's also been known, and publicly explained by Microsoft, that the extended telemetry modes (Full/Optional instead of Required/Basic) can upload lists of URLs analyzed by SmartScreen and Defender, together with the GDID. In fact, using the Edge browser in this setup can even send every visited URL. The court documents do not reveal which exact mechanism triggered the telemetry upload, though.

This data collection has long been the source of heated debate and general public disgust. Even though the data is genuinely useful and necessary for debugging (by Microsoft or systems administrators in enterprise environments), the fact that it comes enabled by default in Windows Home and Professional editions is questionable. The fact that those versions don't have a simple, user-facing "Off" switch to fully disable telemetry also adds insult to injury.

The Peter Stokes arrest appears to be the first public case where these Windows GDIDs were both used as a tracking identifier and contained telemetry data including some of the URLs the defendant visited. The case also prompted a renewed analysis of the GDID by a security researcher that you might want to look into. From what we can ascertain, it's likely Stokes had his Windows telemetry set to Optional/Full, as Required/Basic doesn't appear to transmit URLs by default.

Using the telemetry GDID, the FBI easily connected the dashing rogue to his ngrokaccount, because he used that tool in the same session in which he accessed his Facebook and Snapchat accounts. The agents also established a link between travel records, a New York IP address, and a rental at the Empire Hotel, likely facilitated by the photos Stokes posted of his hotel room. The criminal mastermind was equally sneaky (read: not) in his visit to Thailand.

As many hackers do, he enjoyed some time off playing an obscure game, in this case Ubisoft's Growtopia, shortly before accessing his Apple logins, as well as the aforementioned Facebook and Snapchat logins over the following weeks. Besides Microsoft, Google and Apple also collaborated on the hunting effort, with Google linking Stokes' phishing phone number to the same exact IP address and date where he created the ngrok account. Ever the stealthy craftsman, Stokes had created the ngrok account using the same GMail address connected to a second phone number where he made phishing calls from.

While it's easy and arguably quite necessary to hoist pitchforks at Microsoft for collecting detailed information about billions of computers by default, security professionals will be quick to remind users that Windows' telemetry is merely one of the many ways to track a user. Even if not by malice, a lot of software simply requires GDID-like identifiers for things like tracking usage, subscription and licensing limitations, activation requests, and hardware detection. And every company behind such software can be subpoenaed by authorities, as exemplified in Stokes' case by Microsoft, Google, Apple, ngrok, and others. Even privacy-oriented services like Proton are careful enough to describe what they can and cannot reveal to authorities under a court order.

If you're wondering the steps Stokes took to cover his tracks, though, you'd be looking at a small list. He did route his connections through a VPN hosted at servers from Tzulo along with the developer-oriented ngrok tunneling service and teleport.sh. Unfortunately, the modern digital world allows for many forms of identification, and hiding one's source IP address is merely one of them.

Using a VPN is recommended for digital anonymity, but it's merely the first of many necessary steps and can even backfire when not set up carefully. If misconfigured, a VPN may allow certain applications and operating system features to talk to the outside world using the original IP instead of the hidden one. Plus, the VPN will not stop the operating system or any application from sending out identifying information to begin with.

Perhaps more worryingly still, modern-day device and user fingerprinting is far more insidious and hard to counter. For example, plain web browsers are notorious leakers of personal information, as data-harvesting companies can weaponize features like TLS levels, HTML5 Canvas functionality, the fonts list, and even Widevine DRM in a combination that uniquely identifies a visitor. Stokes now has plenty of time to read up on the EFF's surveillance self-defense guides and get acquainted with the scripts at the Privacy Is Sexy website.

Controversy due to AI data center buildouts generally centers around their massive power usage and draining of local water reserves, but noise is a third torment to nearby residents, and one that is arguably much harder to correct. Residents of Sturtevant, slightly south of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, filed a class-action lawsuit against Microsoft due to the excessive noise produced by the company's Fairwater facility. CEO Satya Nadella described the project as "the world's most powerful AI data center," projected to generate 865,000 tokens per second and have a final bill of $7.3 billion.

The Sturtevant residents live just 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from the facility. The lawsuit was filed by three citizens and represents the households within this distance, reportedly amounting to over 1,000 homes, including areas in Mount Pleasant. The filing describes the noise situation as "not only excessive, but consistent and pervasive," and claims Microsoft did not "implement adequate acoustic barriers, shields, or walls that absorb, mitigate, and/or prevent the escape of noise, thereby resulting in the offsite emission of excessive noise beyond its property." One resident claims he had to change his shift at work to be able to sleep at all.

Nearby residents also complain about excessive dust and traffic stemming from the construction work, as well as light pollution. One resident says he often can't see his house coming into town, while another claims that before the data center arrived, the sky was dark and full of stars, now mostly gone due to the bright lights.

To some credit, Microsoft appears to have been trying to improve the situation, judging by a fairly detailed blog post on its community website. On June 18, the company said its engineers applied several measures that "fully resolved the issue," and that it would apply additional mitigations over the following months, including "additional sound reduction components."

The backstory in the post says the firm was aware of the issue back in April, and "[it] did not expect the tonal quality of the sound to travel as far as it has," attributing the decibels to cooling fans operating at too-high speeds, now purportedly corrected. In an earlier project update about the data center, Microsoft says it would have street sweepers working 10 hours a day and limit construction to hours between 6am and 10pm.

The lawsuit was filed on July 1, indicating that either the issue isn't resolved, or that the particularly short distance between Fairwater 1 and Sturtevant might make for a conundrum that's exceedingly tricky to solve. Some Mount Pleasant residents even live across the street from the campus, too. Before the Fairwater data center arrived, the land was already zoned for heavy industrial use back in 2017 to Foxconn, a status that carried over to Microsoft upon purchase. Notably, Wisconsin's "direct legislation" apparently does not allow amending or repealing existing ordinances, and is only available to cities, not towns.

The Department of Justice, with the help of the FBI and Finland's National Bureau of Investigation, has arrested a teenager it says is part of Scattered Spider. 19-year-old Peter Stokes is a dual U.S.-Estonian citizen who was trying to board a flight to Japan from Helsinki, when law enforcement caught up with him. Microsoft's GDID also played a part in the Stokes being apprehended. The accused is now awaiting trial, having been charged with conspiracy, cyber intrusion, and fraud.

Scattered Spider is one of the biggest cybercrime syndicates on the planet, having extorted over $100 million in ransom payments, according to the DOJ. The group also operates under the names Octo Tempest, UNC3944, and Oktapus, and is renowned for its social engineering tactics. As such, the main criminal complaint against Stokes stems from a May 2025 attack on a luxury jewelry dealer based in the United States.

The attackers apparently called the company's IT helpdesk using Google Voice, posing as employees. They were able to convince the help desk into resetting their credentials, which allowed them to infiltrate three accounts, two of which had admin privileges. From there, the group, allegedly including Stokes, stole important data and held the jeweler at ransom, demanding an $8 million payment in crypto.

The company ultimately regained access to their infrastructure and avoided paying the ransom, but the operational disruption still caused a purported $2 million in losses. This served as the spark that led to Stokes' eventual arrest in Helsinki, as the prosecutors slowly followed the paper and digital trail laid by the attackers. Microsoft played a key role in the process by providing GDID data to the FBI to help them apprehend the alleged criminal.

GDID stands for Global Device Identifier; it's a unique identifier assigned to every Windows install that tracks device-specific telemetry. It's the reason why sometimes changing a major component in your PC can revoke your Windows license. Anyhow, the court documents from the case reveal that Stokes used Windows, from which investigators were able to link his physical hardware to specific internet activity and locations.

From what we can tell, GDID pretty much had a comprehensive report on Stokes ready before the prosecution even built its case and it was only a matter of connecting the dots. Stokes' web activity, videogame history, IP addresses, tool usage (including Ngrok), Azure status, and more were logged with timestamps, and were provided to the investigators by Microsoft.

Of course, this raises questions over just how granular and potentially invasive Microsoft's telemetry can be. In this case, it was used to arrest an alleged hacker, but what if someone else, someone with malign intentions, were to get access to all this data instead? Tech-savvy consumers have complained about Windows' excessive telemetry for a long time; the whole debloating culture is a byproduct of this precedent, but GDID is not something you can remove or disable with the click of a button.

Nevertheless, Stokes was carrying two hard drives full of incriminating evidence with him when boarding his flight to Japan, so that helped, too. His real identity has actually been known since 2024, but since he was a minor living across Estonia and the UAE at the time, he could only be monitored until the time was right. Following the arrest, Stokes was extradited to the U.S., where he appeared in front of a federal court in Chicago for the first time on June 30, 2026, and he remains in custody.

Microsoft is further shrinking its Surface lineup of flagship Windows devices. According to a report from Windows Central, citing "sources that are familiar with Microsoft's hardware roadmap," the company is no longer manufacturing its budget-focused Surface Go 4 and Surface Laptop Go 3, and doesn't plan to follow them up with new devices.

Over the last few years, Microsoft has discontinued many of its most interesting designs, including the powerhouse Surface Laptop Studio, the Surface Studio desktop, Surface Headphones and Earbuds, the Surface Book, and the Surface Duo smartphone. The entire line has been simplified down to the Surface Pro and Surface Laptop, with the Surface Laptop Ultra coming later this year with Nvidia's RTX Spark. (Microsoft's RTX Spark Dev Box is also Surface-branded, but isn't consumer-facing).

But the Surface Pro and Surface Laptop each come in more sizes than ever. The Surface Pro comes in 12- and 13-inch sizes. That 12-incher, starting at $849 with Snapdragon X Plus, could arguably be a replacement for the Surface Go, except that it's far more expensive than the Surface Go 4 was priced at $579. On the Laptop side, there are 13-, 13.8-, and 15-inch systems, with the smallest using the same chip at $949.99 that could be considered the entry-level option.

It's possible that you may find these systems in stock at some retailers, but they're hard to find. The Surface Go 4's last iteration was only ever part of Microsoft's Surface for Business line and was seemingly popular with commercial customers that needed a device for fieldwork.

Microsoft didn't immediately return Tom's Hardware's request for comment. A representative pointed Windows Central to Microsoft's Surface website, which doesn't list either the Surface Go or Surface Laptop Go, but just a simplified lineup of the Surface Laptop, Surface Pro, and upcoming Surface Laptop Ultra and the Dev Box.

Windows Central's sources suggested that the decision to end these device lines was made prior to memory price hikes due to component shortages. Either way, with just two main device lines, Surface, which used to be a playground for form factors under former head Panos Panay, has been extremely simplified and far less experimental —if you could call it that at all.

Microsoft has extended its free consumer Windows 10 Extended Security Updates (ESU) program by a year, pushing the cutoff for critical security patches to October 14th, 2027. The change came without any actual announcement, appearing instead in an edit to Microsoft's Windows 10 ESU support page. Devices already enrolled roll over to the new date automatically, with no action required from users. The program was originally set to expire on October 12th, 2026, one year after Windows 10 reached end of support on October 14th, 2025. With the extension, however, users who can’t or won’t move to Windows 11 now have a second free year of patches.

Speaking to BleepingComputer, Microsoft said that the change reflects “our ongoing commitment to helping customers stay secure during the transition,” adding that the extra year gives users “more time and flexibility to find the best PC for their needs while keeping them protected.”

In terms of enrollment, nothing has changed: users can enroll for free by syncing their PC settings to a Microsoft account through Windows Backup, by redeeming 1,000 Microsoft Rewards points, or with a one-time payment of $30. Users in Europe can enroll at no cost simply by signing in with a Microsoft account, a concession Microsoft made after pushback from consumer advocacy groups over its original requirements. A single ESU license covers up to 10 devices tied to the same account.

Microsoft's consumer program is limited to personal devices, however. Systems joined to an Active Directory domain or to Microsoft Entra, or managed through Mobile Device Management, are corporate-controlled and therefore not eligible. Personally owned machines that are only Entra-registered — e.g., a work account added to a personal device, rather than the device itself being organization-owned — still qualify.

Windows 11 has surged to roughly 73% of desktop share against Windows 10’s 26%, so it’s clear that the broader migration is working. Those users still on Windows 10 are increasingly the difficult edge cases, with around 400 million active PCs unable to officially upgrade to Windows 11 because their hardware fails its TPM 2.0, Secure Boot, or supported-processor requirements.

Users of those machines face a choice of remaining on unsupported Windows 10 or upgrading their hardware outright. But thanks to the AI-driven memory shortage, doing so has never been more expensive: DRAM contract prices have roughly doubled since early last year (and are expected to double again) as Samsung, SK Hynix, and Micron divert wafer capacity toward high-bandwidth memory for AI accelerators.

IDC expects PCs, tablets, and smartphone prices to rise 10% to 20% through the end of 2026, with memory now accounting for a far larger share of a system's bill of materials than it did two years ago.

For users unwilling to buy new hardware at current prices, some third-party options remain. The security firm 0patch has pledged to provide unofficial Windows 10 micropatches through 2030, and Linux migration efforts such as the End of 10 initiative continue to court holdouts whose machines can’t run Windows 11.