Ivan Miranda has released the design files for the Mirandetta, a 3D-printed electric motorbike that breaks down to fit inside a suitcase. He has re-engineered the vehicle so that every part prints on a single 300mm x 300mm bed. The files cost $40 through his website, ivanmiranda.com, and the redesign targets makers who want to build their own rather than admire the one-off he rode at Prague Maker Faire.

Miranda built the original in roughly 10 days as a "travel hack" — the smallest motorbike an adult could ride that still packed into checked luggage. To achieve this, he relied on aluminum wheel axles and an all-metal steering column assembly, and now the released design replaces both with printed parts.

Miranda also standardized the lighting on off-the-shelf T10 automotive sockets and bulbs instead of the salvaged components in the original, cut the number of distinct screws, and constrained every part to a 300mm x 300mm build volume. He says the redesign took more work than building the first bike from scratch. The reference printer is the Prusa CORE One L, a 300mm x 300mm x 330mm machine that we've reviewed previously. Anything smaller, including the standard 250mm-class CORE One, can't fit the largest parts in one piece.

The wheels use lawnmower tires, which are normally too flat-profiled to lean on, and Miranda printed the rims narrower than standard so the tire's internal bead rings sit closer together; once inflated, the sidewalls can't splay outward and the tread rounds into a profile usable for cornering.

Braking uses floating motorcycle discs rather than the bicycle discs because the floating discs can be deriveted to open up a wider center bore that a printed axle passes through without shearing. Meanwhile, a belt drives the rear wheel, and the throttle is a 10K linear potentiometer mapped through an Arduino to the motor's electronic speed controller.

Power comes from two 36V cordless tool battery packs, making them hot-swappable and simpler to carry through airport security, while a DC-DC converter steps the 36V down to 12V for the horn and lights. Without the batteries fitted, the finished bike weighs a little over 14kg.

Users won't be folding up the assembled scooter and packing it away, though; that's only possible when the bike is fully assembled. Regardless, Miranda won the suitcase-build contest at Prague Maker Faire with the machine and plans to show it at Open Sauce. Miranda is selling the files as-is with no support, and the bike isn't intended as a production design; Miranda describes it as a "complicated hobby build."

When the RTX 50 series launched, reviewers quickly discovered that the hotspot temperature was being misreported in standard diagnostics tools such as HWiNFO or MSI Afterburner. Eventually, people realized that Nvidia had outright removed the option to monitor hotspot temps, but it seems like the hardware was never removed from the GPU. New testing by Brazilian repair specialist Paulo Gomes has revealed that the sensor is still present and readable with special tools.

In the video, the host shows a Gigabyte variant of the RTX 5070 Ti that was sent to him due to overheating issues. Within Windows, the monitoring tools showed no abnormal signs, as the "average" temperature was reported at 67 to 68 degrees Celsius. However, when diagnosed with a specialized tool called "MODS," the hotspot temperature reached 107 degrees Celsius almost immediately under load.

MODS stands for Modular Diagnostics Software, and it's an internal Nvidia tool used to test GPUs before they hit the shelves or during the RMA process. It's not available to the public and doesn't work on Windows because the OS keeps intercepting calls from the hardware monitoring APIs. You need a Linux distribution that boots directly into a command line, from where MODS (and MATS, for memory testing) can run as intended.

Some repair shops have been known to get access to MODS, such as in this case, which unlocks the hidden hotspot temperature sensor on Blackwell gaming GPUs. Keep in mind that Nvidia ships much more comprehensive diagnostic utilities for its server-grade and workstation GPUs that can actively monitor all aspects of the card. It's unknown why the company decided to keep some sensors locked out of gamers' reach.

Perhaps we can infer the rationale from last year, when Igor's Lab tested several RTX 50-series GPUs and found a "hotspot issue" affecting all of them. The reason was poor PCB manufacturing — not using heavy-duty materials to build the PCB layers, causing certain parts of the substrate to heat up even when the core was relatively cool. This was exacerbated by Nvidia's own guidelines, which told AIBs to compensate for ideal conditions instead of worst-case scenarios.

Anyhow, as Paulo Gomes and his team discovered, the RTX 5070 Ti's hotspot was hitting 107 degrees Celsius, and the card throttled and dropped its clock speeds right away. Nvidia mandates 107 degrees Celsius as the upper limit for RTX 50-series, so it was clear that the card was slowing down to prevent damage. To inspect what was actually wrong, they opened up the card and found poor thermal contact between the cooler and the componentry.

The TIM (thermal interface material) application was inadequate; the paste had accumulated around the perimeter of the core while the center was mostly dry. The repair personnel removed the old material and replaced it with SnowDog Husky paste, which was enough to drop the hotspot temperatures to 100 degrees Celsius. Now, it was within the safe operating range and no longer thermal throttling under load.

What would've been a simple fix on the consumer's end was turned into a repair job solely because Nvidia hid the GPU's hotspot temperature, literally misreporting the card's internal condition. Had this RTX 5070 Ti just run at 107 degrees Celsius continuously, the silicon would wear down incredibly fast, and the customer would never even know why. Not to mention some manufacturers' insistence on voiding warranty upon breaking the GPU's "seal," which is an illegal and unenforceable practice in the United States.

Combo deals are a great way to offset today's inflated memory prices while saving money on a complete platform upgrade. One such offer we spotted at Newegg bundles an AMD Ryzen 5 9600X with a Gigabyte B650M motherboard and a Corsair Vengeance RGB 16GB DDR5-6000 memory kit for $519.99. In addition to saving roughly $50, the bundle also includes a free Cooler Master Elite 240mm AIO liquid cooler valued at $79.99.

• Check out this deal on Newegg

The AMD Ryzen 5 9600X is a solid budget processor featuring 6 cores and 12 threads with a boost clock speed of 5.4 GHz. Based on AMD’s latest Zen 5 architecture, the CPU comes with a rated TDP of 65W, which not only makes it efficient but also allows it to run at much lower temperatures. As for memory, the 16GB Corsair Vengeance RGB is a solid kit offering support for AMD Expo, 6000 MT/s speeds, addressable RGB lighting, and CL36 latency with timings of 36-44-44-96.

The Gigabyte B650M Gaming Plus Wi-Fi is an entry-level mATX motherboard that comes with all the essential features, including a 5+2+2 digital VRM solution, support for DDR5 8000 (OC) memory, two M.2 SSD slots with support for PCIe Gen 4.0 speeds, a quick-release mechanism for the PCIe x16 slot, and onboard Wi-Fi 6E and 2.5GbE LAN.

As mentioned, the deal includes a free Cooler Master Elite Liquid 240mm AIO liquid cooler, which should easily handle the Ryzen 5 9600X. The company claims that the included 120mm PWM fans are optimized for quiet operation, while the pre-installed CryoFuze thermal paste should offer excellent thermal conductivity. The cooler also comes with a unique translucent hexagonal cap that sits atop the pump block and features customizable ARGB lighting.

Considering the overall value, this $519.99 Newegg bundle offers a great starting point if you are looking at a budget-friendly AM5 gaming build. Not only do you save $50 on the core components, but you also get a free CPU cooler, bringing the total value of the offer to roughly $130. Do keep in mind that such combo deals are usually time-limited and subject to stock availability.

If you're looking for more savings, check out our Best PC Hardware deals for a range of products, or dive deeper into our specialized SSD and Storage Deals, Hard Drive Deals, Gaming Monitor Deals, Graphics Card Deals, gaming chair, or CPU Deals pages.

A Brazilian gamer who lost his Microsoft account and all his digital games has won a court order forcing the company to hand it all back, after support staff told him to simply repurchase his library. The user, who posts as Ordo_Liberal on Reddit, shared a screenshot of a small-claims ruling in the Xbox subreddit that gives Microsoft 15 days to restore access or face fines and roughly $400 (R$2,000) in damages. He said the account had two-factor authentication enabled when it was flagged and permanently suspended, and that none of Microsoft's recovery options allowed him to regain access before he filed his lawsuit.

According to the support emails he posted, Microsoft suspended the account after detecting what it described as unauthorized access, and said an investigation found the account's security information had been changed. The company treated the suspension as permanent and directed him to buy his games again rather than reinstating the ones already tied to the account.

Anyone with a large Microsoft account might want to take note here, because the suspension didn’t target a single game or console but the user’s entire account. Microsoft accounts can carry Xbox purchases, Windows licenses, store apps, 365, and OneDrive data, and a permanent suspension blocks all of it, even, as in this case, when you’ve got strong security and two-factor authentication set up.

Brazil's Consumer Defense Code and its small-claims track allow individuals to bring cases without a lawyer and without paying court costs, meaning Ordo_Liberal was able to take Microsoft to court without incurring any costs. If Microsoft misses the payment deadline, an additional 10% penalty will be imposed. While the damages awarded in this case are minor, it's notable that Microsoft has been compelled to restore the account and its contents, which runs counter to the standard platform position that customers license digital games rather than own them.

This, of course, is a first-instance small-claims judgment, not binding precedent, and it covers one account in one jurisdiction. Courts elsewhere have gone the other way. Chinese courts have recognized game accounts as inheritable property, while U.S. rulings generally treat games as revocable licenses. The case comes as both Microsoft and Sony push players away from physical media, with Xbox testing a way to convert discs into digital entitlements and Sony ending new PlayStation disc production in 2028. Microsoft hasn’t publicly commented on the ruling.

Bambu Lab announced a major collaboration with the camera brand Insta360, featuring a “Let’s Make It” Luna Ultra Design Challenge on MakerWorld. The two companies invite fans to design and 3D print custom hardware to fit the new Luna Ultra, a dual-lens 8K gimbal camera built for vlogging. This is the first camera brand to establish an official presence on MakerWorld, the home of Bambu Lab’s file library and maker community.

Up for grabs are $11,160 in prizes, including Luna Ultra cameras, 3D printers, and gift cards. The most intriguing part of the contest is a “Mystery Grand Prize” that will go to the most inspiring concept and could be selected for development as an official Insta360 product.

Though the Luna Ultra uses AI-powered software, AI-generated designs are not welcome in the contest. Each model entry must be a new, unique, human-created design that is printable on an FDM 3D printer. Designers can download a mockup of the Luna Ultra to precisely fit their creations to the camera without needing to own one first.

• Insta360 Luna Ultra : $769.99 at Amazon

MakerWorld – and other 3D printing file sites – are already full of useful camera mods for all sorts of cameras. Tripods, clips, grips, boom arms, dollies, stands, cases, and storage systems abound for every kind of camera. Type “Insta360” into MakerWorld, and over a thousand files pop up for the company's older camera models. Most files are born of necessity, then shared for free by the photographers who designed them.

Insta360’s decision to embrace the 3D printing community and encourage fan-made mods is a refreshing change from standard corporate behavior. We’ve seen many cases of brands being overprotective of their IP and shutting down the "unauthorized" use of their name and image. Rather than presenting Bambu Lab users with a cease-and-desist letter, Insta360 is leaning into the fandom. By providing official 3D-printable mockups of the Luna Ultra only a few weeks after the camera’s launch, they are asking users to become active participants in the hype train.

“We see a shift where creativity doesn’t stop at capturing images—it extends into building and shaping the tools themselves. This collaboration between Insta360 and Bambu Lab brings together imaging and the maker community for the first time in this way, bringing creators the freedom to push the boundaries of what's possible,” said Max Richter, Co-founder & Vice President of Marketing at Insta360.

The two companies hope the contest encourages users to “move past the limits of off-the-shelf parts” and build custom gear uniquely designed for each photographer’s shooting environment.

You don’t need to have an Insta360 camera or even a 3D printer to enter the contest. The contest consists of two tracks: one for 3D printed models posted to MakerWorld and a second for creative ideas posted to social media.

For the model design challenge, contestants need to upload an original creation that fits the Luna Ultra and mark it with the hashtag #PrintForLuna.

Track 1: The Model Design Challenge

For the core model track, contestants need to upload an original creation that fits the Luna Ultra to MakerWorld and tag it with #PrintForLuna.

Three grand prizes will be awarded for physical designs:

Most Original: Wins an Insta360 Luna Ultra Creator Bundle and a Bambu Lab X2D Combo.

Best Functional: Wins an Insta360 Luna Ultra Standard Bundle and a Bambu Lab A2L Combo.

Best Aesthetic: Wins an Insta360 Luna Ultra Standard Bundle and a Bambu Lab A2L Combo.

Models must fit the Luna Ultra, and be printable on an FDM printer. Each participant can submit up to five entries per contest, and each entry must be a new, unique design. AI generated models and remixes are not eligible. Models will be judged by a committee based on relevance, printability, uniqueness, visual appeal and functionality.

Track 2: The Social Media Campaign

The social media contest is for creators who may be new to 3D printing and lack design skills to actually design and print their ideas. Entries can be based on idea concepts, sketches or written descriptions shared on Instagram, TikTok, YouTube, Facebook, or Reddit (r/Insta360) with the hashtags #PrintForLuna #BambuLab #Insta360LunaUltra.

Two grand prizes will be awarded for social media posts:

Most Creative Idea: Wins an Insta360 Luna Ultra Standard Bundle and a Bambu Lab X2D Combo.

Most Practical Idea: Wins an Insta360 Luna Ultra Standard Bundle and a Bambu Lab X2D Combo.

Submissions will be open from July 10 to August 9, with winners announced on August 20, 2026

AMD’s formerly China-exclusive Radeon RX 9070 GRE, which rivals the best graphics cards, went global last month at a suggested MSRP of $549. The GPU has now seen its first price drop since its launch, with the Gigabyte Gaming Radeon RX 9070 GRE available for $499 at Newegg. While the listing shows $549, customers can use a $50 promo code by submitting their email address to reveal it.

The Radeon RX 9070 GRE is built on AMD’s RDNA 4 graphics architecture, and uses the same Navi 48 GPU as the Radeon RX 9070 and RX 9070 XT. However, it uses a cut-down version of that chip with 48 compute units. It also comes with 12GB of GDDR6 running at 18 Gbps on a 192-bit bus, offering 432 GB/s of raw memory bandwidth. Despite the scaled-down specifications, the RX 9070 GRE retains a TDP of 220W, similar to the standard Radeon RX 9070. Essentially, the card sits between the RX 9060 XT 16GB and the RX 9070, and AMD claims it delivers 21% higher average performance than the RTX 5060 Ti 16GB in 1440p gaming.

In our testing of the XFX Swift Radeon RX 9070 GRE, we found that the card averages 120 FPS at 1080p and 86.6 FPS at 1440p across our 11-game raster-only test suite. That makes it a solid choice for high-refresh-rate gaming at two of the most popular monitor resolutions, and it offers a comfortable position over the RX 9060 XT 16GB and RTX 5060 Ti 16GB.

Unfortunately, the RX 9070 GRE is not entirely impressive at 4K resolution as it struggles to maintain an average of 60 FPS. That said, enabling FSR 4 upscaling and frame generation in supported titles can significantly improve performance. Ray tracing performance remains a weaker area for the RX 9070 GRE. Gamers who prefer enabling RT effects will likely need to enable FSR 4 to offset the performance hit, particularly at higher resolutions.

At its discounted price, the RX 9070 GRE competes directly with Nvidia's RTX 5060 Ti 16GB, which currently sells for well over $500. If you are a gamer who prioritizes raw rasterized performance, the RX 9070 GRE is worth considering, especially if you're upgrading from an older GPU such as the RX 6700 XT or RTX 3070.

SK Hynix CEO Kwak Noh-jung says that 2027 will be the "worst year" for the ongoing memory shortage in comments shared with Reuters. The remark comes on the heels of SK Hynix successfully marking the largest-ever IPO for a foreign company on the U.S. stock market, raising $26.5 billion. Although Kwak points to next year being the worst for RAM shortages, the executive expects the memory crunch to last until 2030.

"We forecast that next year will be the worst year in the industry's history from the supply perspective," Kwan told Reuters. "We still forecast that customer demand will remain higher than our ​supply capacity even beyond 2030. But we are doing our best to solve the problem."

In March, SK Group chairman Chey Tae-won also suggested shortages would last until 2030, and the company has previously pointed to 2027 as a key shortage point, alongside Samsung. DRAM demand is largely driven by the HBM used in AI accelerators, which require far more sophisticated manufacturing and packaging processes compared to consumer DDR5. On top of advanced manufacturing, HBM also consumes more wafer capacity than DDR5, forcing major memory brands to reallocate supply and double down on an already sticky supply situation.

Forecasts like this are tricky. It's in SK Hynix's financial interest for memory shortages to continue, even well beyond 2030. SK Hynix has set a record for quarter-over-quarter revenue, and rival Micron has seen its stock value increase 213% this year, pushing its share price to around $990.

However, Kwan's remarks aren't just a bid to rally behind SK Hynix stock. Over the past few months, we've seen Micron and SK Hynix ink long-term supply agreements (LTAs). These agreements commit supply over multiple years to particular companies and define a price floor and ceiling during the agreement term. Although LTAs don't directly influence market prices, they secure demand, and we've seen a lot of LTAs over the past several months to bind DRAM supply.

Although memory (and NAND) prices will remain elevated for at least the next several months, we've seen some signs of the market cooling. Earlier this month, a TrendForce report showed DRAM contract prices up 15% to 18% quarter over quarter for Q3 2026. That's a large increase, but far lower than the QoQ increases we've seen previously.

We're nearing some semblance of stability in the memory market, just stability at vastly elevated prices. How long that lasts is anyone's guess. Although memory brands like SK Hynix have visibility into market trends, those can rapidly change. Just this year, we've seen a massive pivot toward AI spending going toward CPUs, pushing Intel's stock to record highs while shedding around $1 trillion in Nvidia's market cap; a year ago, that would've been almost impossible to predict.

Microsoft’s emissions for fiscal 2025 (FY25) rose by 25% from the previous year, even as the company’s 2030 deadline to become carbon-negative draws closer. According to the company’s 2026 Environmental Sustainability Report, released on Thursday, July 9, the backward step was driven primarily by the rapid expansion of its data center infrastructure and its decision to stop using short-term renewable energy certificates, which reduced its reported footprint without necessarily adding new clean electricity to power grids.

Microsoft reported approximately 20.3 million metric tons of carbon dioxide-equivalent emissions across its operations and supply chain, up from 16.2 million tons in fiscal 2024 and nearly 58% above its 2020 baseline. Electricity consumption increased by 24% during the year as the company built the computing capacity required for its cloud and AI businesses. Regardless, Microsoft says it remains committed to becoming carbon-negative, water-positive, and zero-waste by 2030. It also reported meeting its 2025 renewable-electricity target, replenishing more water than it withdrew globally, and exceeding several waste-recovery targets

The report’s foreword, written by Microsoft Vice Chair and President Brad Smith and Chief Sustainability Officer Melanie Nakagawa, focused heavily on the collision between the company’s headline sustainability goals and the realities of AI. Microsoft established the goals in 2020, a few years before the current scale of AI’s capabilities and the corresponding high environmental demands began to manifest.

While AI is inarguably a world-changing technological revolution, it is raising serious environmental concerns that begin right at the raw material sourcing and the complex semiconductor fabrication stages. The impact continues even after the processors have been compiled into supercomputers in massive data centers, with issues related to land use, energy consumption, noise pollution, and water consumption. Residents are increasingly opposing the building of these data centers in their communities due to these issues.

Microsoft is exposed at nearly every point of the AI chain. It procures servers and custom AI chips; owns and operates a massive, global network of over 300 data centers across 34 countries that powers the Azure cloud platform; and supplies the computing infrastructure behind products such as Copilot and its partnership with OpenAI. Scope 3 emissions from construction, purchased hardware, suppliers, and other value-chain activities remain the largest part of its footprint. Meanwhile, electricity-related Scope 2 emissions grew from nearly 2% of the total in 2024 to 13% in 2025.

Microsoft acknowledges that environmental solutions are not expanding as quickly as AI infrastructure. “This tension is real,” the foreword states. “It is forcing sharper questions: Where do we need to move faster, invest differently, or rethink our approach?” The company argues that the answer is not to retreat from AI, but to combine carbon-free electricity, carbon removal, sustainable fuels, lower-carbon construction materials, hardware reuse, and efficiency improvements into a single portfolio rather than treating each environmental target separately.

Its decision to stop buying non-additional, unbundled renewable energy certificates forms part of that change. These certificates can allow a company to claim renewable electricity already being generated elsewhere. Microsoft says it will instead prioritize longer-term agreements that help add additional carbon-free generating capacity to the grid, even though doing so will increase its reported emissions in the near term. Its renewable-energy agreements now cover up to 40 GW across 26 countries, with approximately 19 GW operational.

The company is also modifying the data centers themselves. It introduced a closed-loop liquid-cooling design that CEO Satya Nadella says enables AI data centers to use about as much water annually as a restaurant. Microsoft is experimenting with microfluidic channels etched into silicon, zonal cooling that reserves colder liquid for the hottest equipment, and lower-carbon concrete, steel, and mass timber for its construction. These efforts have not exactly quelled anti-data-center sentiment around its data centers. The company faced protests over a planned facility near Granger, Indiana, while residents living near its $7.3 billion Fairwater AI complex in Wisconsin have filed a lawsuit alleging persistent noise, dust, traffic, and light pollution.

Away from carbon, the report records clearer progress. Microsoft replenished 14.2 million cubic meters of water, exceeding its global withdrawals for the first time, and reduced average data center water-use effectiveness by 25% from its 2022 baseline. It achieved a 92% reuse and recycling rate for retired cloud hardware, diverted 90.5% of construction and demolition waste from disposal, and reduced single-use plastics in primary product packaging to 0.07%. It also legally protected 16,266 acres of land, approximately 36% more than the land estimated to be occupied by its operations.

The report is equally candid about where Microsoft is falling behind. The company's most important commitment—becoming carbon-negative by 2030 — is moving further away rather than closer. Total greenhouse-gas emissions climbed 25% year over year and now sit roughly 58% above the company's 2020 baseline, largely because AI infrastructure is expanding faster than its decarbonization efforts can offset. Scope 2 emissions also jumped sharply, rising from nearly 2% of Microsoft's footprint in FY24 to 13% in FY25 as electricity demand from new data centers surged. While Scope 3 emissions remain the company's largest source of carbon pollution, the report says the growing contribution from purchased electricity underscores how increasingly difficult it is to power AI infrastructure with clean energy alone.

I've reviewed several Razer gaming chairs over the years and have come to appreciate their style, adjustability, and overall comfort. Now, Razer is introducing a new line of gaming chairs that leans heavily into styling.

Meet the new Soma Chroma, a mid-range gaming chair with a racing-style design and integrated RGB lighting customizable via Razer Chroma software. The chair can be powered via a USB-C cable or a portable power bank, and it connects to your PC via an integrated Bluetooth connection or a 2.4 GHz wireless USB dongle included in the box.

But is beauty more than skin deep? Let’s take a deep look at the Soma Chroma to see if there’s more to see other than its flashy design to make it a contender among the best gaming chairs.

Razer Soma Chroma Specifications

Assembling the Razer Soma Chroma

This is the fourth Razer gaming chair that I’ve reviewed, so I could pretty much put one together blindfolded. From the packaging to the tools/accessories included, not much has changed. Inside the box, you’ll find:

• Fabric gloves for assembly (glued to the inner flap)
• Backrest and seat base (left and right arms pre-attached)
• Metal, 5-arm base
• Casters 5x
• Gas lift, tilt mechanism
• Allen wrench, screws, and plastic covers for left/right side arms
• 2.4 GHz USB dongle (attached to assembly guide)

The chair arrived in a massive box, and the actual weight listed on the shipping label as 70 pounds. Upon opening the box, I was greeted by a familiar sight: a pair of black-and-green work gloves for assembling the chair. It’s a nice touch, but I always toss the gloves aside because I prefer to work with my bare hands for a relatively simple task like this.

A large green cardstock assembly guide sits atop the components, with a tiny box containing the 2.4 GHz wireless USB dongle attached to it.

The seat base, seatback, and 5-arm base were all wrapped in clear plastic bags to protect the metal and fabric on the components during shipping. The first step was to insert the castors into the 5-arm base, and then to insert the gas lift cylinder into the base.

The next step was to remove the four screws that are preinstalled from the factory from the bottom of the seat base with the included Allen wrench tool. Once removed, I attached the tilt mechanism, reinserted the same four screws, and placed it on the 5-arm base. The seatback has two screws on each side that must be removed before you attach it to the seat base.

Once the seatback was attached, I reinserted the four screws and slipped on the plastic cover to hide the screws and attachment mechanism. I'll note that on Razer Iskur chairs, the plastic cover is secured with a single screw on either side, and the screw is covered with a tiny plastic plug. The cover on the Soma Chroma simply slides and locks into place.

Once the chair is fully assembled, you’re not quite done yet. You still need to get power to the chair for the RGB lighting to work. The chair includes a relatively short USB-C cord that hangs out the back. Razer also supplied me with a 10-foot USB-C-to-USB-C extension cable, which I used to connect to my desktop PC. However, this setup is rather cumbersome and requires continually fighting the cable as you move around your workspace.

My solution was to plug the USB-C cable from the back of the chair into a portable power bank, and then tuck it into the zippered pouch at the bottom of the seatback. This worked well, and is clearly how the chair is intended to be used — however, it does not ship with a battery pack, nor does it ship with an extra-long cable (Razer sent that separately). So you'll need to invest in a battery pack or an extension cable to use the RGB on this chair.

Razer Soma Chroma Design

The Soma Chroma introduces an entirely new design language for Razer gaming chairs. Whereas the Iskur line has a more organic design, with softer curves and radiused edges, the Soma Chroma is more angular—especially on the seatback.

The seat back and the base have recessed channels, which I assume would help to improve airflow under your buttocks and around your back. It's an interesting design choice, though I imagine the recessed channels in the seat base will also quickly fill with dirt, dust, and food crumbs. The same design is mirrored on the back of the chair. While previous Iskur chairs have used the same material on both the front and back, the back of the Soma Chroma is constructed of hard plastic.

You'll find a zippered pouch at the back of the seat base, which runs the full width. It's large enough to accommodate a portable power bank, so you don't have to be tethered to a long extension cord to power the RGB lights.

Speaking of the RGB lights, they are controlled using Razer’s Synapse software. I installed the Synapse app on my desktop computer and then plugged in the 2.4 GHz wireless USB dongle (the chair also has integrated Bluetooth LE, if you prefer to go that route). The Soma Chroma then showed up in the app, allowing me to configure it.

There’s a brightness slider and an option to dim the lights after a period of inactivity on the right panel. In the right panel, there are options to change the default effects pattern. You can configure more advanced effects using the Chroma Studio. As you might expect, you can sync the RGBs with your games, although the effect is not evenly remotely noticeable unless you’re in a dark room.

During the daytime, you’re not going to notice the lights at all, and the only people who will notice are your coworkers on Google Meet/Zoom/Teams calls.

Although you can control the RGB effects in software, there are also physical controls at the top of the headrest.

Razer Soma Chroma Adjustments and Comfort

The Soma Chroma features dual-density cold-cured foam for the seat cushion. It did a good job of conforming to my buttocks, as it's specifically designed to relieve pressure points. There's good thigh support for my 5-foot-10-inch and 161-ish-pound frame.

What you gain in RGB goodness, you lose in adjustability. There's no adjustable lumbar support — what you see is what you get. Razer said that the lumbar curve is designed to encourage a neutral position and reduce fatigue after long-term use. That may be true in theory, but my lower back begged to differ after sitting in the chair for 6 hours straight in an upright and "ergonomically-correct" position. This was never an issue for me with the Iskur V2, with its 360-degree lumbar support — or even with the Iskur V2 X, which has no lumbar controls.

The backrest is adjustable from its default 90-degree upright position all the way back to 155 degrees. I spent the majority of my time either fully upright or slightly reclined at about 100 degrees. Anything more than 100 degrees just doesn't feel natural to me in any gaming chair.

The Soma Chroma features 2D armrests, which are adjustable for swivel and height. The armrests have an up/down travel of 4 inches and can swivel in or out by up to 25 degrees. They're densely padded and were a comfortable home for my elbows during extended sessions.

The chair has a height adjustment mechanism via a handle located on the right side of the seat base. I preferred to leave the seat at its maximum height of 20.1 inches.

Bottom Line

The Razer Soma Chroma is an interesting chair for gamers who are already fully entrenched in the Chroma ecosystem. The Soma Chroma has full access to Razer’s software suite, so you can sync all your devices to suit your gaming (or other media) needs. The chair also features built-in Bluetooth LE and includes a 2.4 GHz wireless USB dongle.

The RGB integration is also well-done, with support for portable power banks and a zippered pouch on the back to discreetly hide it. You can also use a USB-C extension cord to connect the Soma Chroma to your PC, but it is a nightmare for ergonomics. Of course, the chair ships with neither a portable battery pack or an extension cord, so you'll need to purchase these separately.

On the flip side, the Soma Chroma isn’t as adjustable as some of Razer’s other chairs, as it lacks 3D armrests and lumbar controls. I also found that I had some minor lower back pain when using the chair for hours in my preferred seating position. Of course, your mileage may vary, but I haven't experienced this with previous Razer chairs.

And the other matter to consider is the $499 price. If you don’t need RGB wizardry, the Razer Iskur V2 X is $200 cheaper and just as good on chair fundamentals.

Running LLMs and agents in home lab setups is steadily gaining popularity due to the rising cost of AI bot subscriptions and concerns about data privacy. Unfortunately, an Nvidia NVL72 rack is ever so slightly out of the financial reach of most people, so enthusiasts have to make do with models that can run in limited amounts of memory. Italian engineer Vincenzo (aka JustVugg) seemingly wanted to have his cake and eat it, so he created ColibrÌ to run the 744-billion-parameter 1.5-TB GLM-5.2 model on a modest CPU, a mere 25 GB of RAM, and a 1 GB/s virtual NVMe drive.

Let's get the elephant out of the way: Colibrì's speed on Vincenzo's setup is only about 0.05 to 0.1 tokens per second on average, a measure that's unusable for practical conversation — imagine just one question taking hours to answer. Higher-end setups provide far better figures, but for now, they still don't meet the 20-30 tokens per second required for real-time use.

Having said that, GLM-5.2 is a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model with frontier-level capability, at least somewhere in viewing distance of the finest offerings from Anthropic, OpenAI, et al. This means that the quality of the answers ought to be excellent, and Vincenzo himself says his limited testing produced some impressive results. The way Colibrì works is simple enough to describe, and yet hard to do right: loading the model in slices to RAM. We're going to oversimplify for clarity's sake.

An MoE model like GLM-5.2 includes hundreds of expert sub-models to answer different topics, and these are chosen per token, not per query — meaning that when you ask a question, your words get split into tokens (chunks). For each token, the bot activates the best experts for it. The experts might always be the same for the entire question, but more often than not, a query might reel in tens of experts, possibly going into triple digits.

Whereas normally large chunks of the model, or the entire model, are loaded onto interconnected datacenter GPUs, Colibrì takes advantage of the MOE architecture and repeatedly loads/unloads the experts required per token, allowing even a cheap machine to use a large model at a steep performance penalty. For speed and simplicity's sake, Colibrì's expert-selection code is a single C file with very few dependencies. Additionally, the GLM-5.2 model is quantized down (simplified with lossy encoding) to take up less space to begin with.

If you're thinking that loading and unloading data for every piece of a question's words is going to be a hard hit on storage I/O and memory bandwidth, you're exactly on the right track. In this type of setup, NVMe storage speed is the first major bottleneck, but the proverbial funnel varies across configurations. Give it enough storage bandwidth, then you're up against RAM limitations. Fix that, then you need more CPU cores, and so on.

Colibrì is currently a proof-of-concept and doesn't yet run on GPUs, though it's worth noting that even then, shuffling data to/from the card will almost certainly be the biggest constraint. Even still, the project has barely been released, and it's already proving quite popular. Vincenzo is collecting benchmark data and running fixes as we speak, so be sure to visit the repository to contribute if you can. Maybe at some point it'll be feasible to run a really clever model on high-end consumer hardware at a decent enough clip.

Supply-chain security firm Socket has published research findings describing a Go module that posed as a DNS and subdomain scanner while acting as a first-stage Windows malware loader. The firm then traced it to a network of 222 GitHub repositories across 190 accounts. The module published its first version on January 24 this year and has since accumulated more than 1,200 versions, over 700 of them malicious. Socket tracks the campaign as “Operation Muck and Load” and reported the module to the Go security team, which blocked it from the Go module proxy.

Go derives a pseudo-version from the commit timestamp and hash for any commit that lacks a semantic version tag. Socket attributes the sprawl to the threat actor's own GitHub Actions workflow, saying its timed commits could each be resolved as a version, inflating a scanner utility's release history into the hundreds.

Across the confirmed repositories, Socket found the same workflow: it sets the Git email to ischhfd83@rambler.ru, sets the visible commit username to the current repository owner, and then force-pushes a rewritten log file every minute. That split generated owner-attributed activity across disposable accounts while leaving one reusable fingerprint. Socket counted a repository only when both the email and the workflow appeared together, resulting in 222 repositories as the confirmed minimum.

The module's main.go launches a hidden PowerShell command that downloads content from muckcoding.com, decodes it with certutil, and runs the result with execution-policy bypass. Socket describes the decoded script as a multi-layer loader using Base64 encoding and XOR decryption, with a Turkish-language comment in one layer that translates to "run directly, no other step is needed."

Rather than hardcoding a payload URL, the resolver retrieves text from public platforms, searches it for the marker string "LastW," then decrypts the trailing blob with a hardcoded key to recover the actual download location. Primary dead drops include Pastebin and a paste service called Rlim, with fallbacks across YouTube, Instagram, Telegram, Google Docs, and GitCode. If defenders remove one paste or block the final archive URL, the actor can update the resolver content without touching the first-stage loader.

The resolved URL points to a password-protected 7-Zip archive hosted as a GitHub release asset. The loader extracts it into a directory named to resemble a legitimate Microsoft Photos install and launches Microsoft.exe from that path with a hidden window. Decoded payload stages map to AsyncRAT, Quasar, and Remcos-style RAT detections alongside infostealer behavior.

Socket confirmed at least 14 unique malware files across the analyzed set, including Trojan loaders and downloaders, Vidar infostealer, dropper and spyware payloads, and XMRig-related Monero cryptominers. One Loader.exe appeared byte-identically across four separate repositories.

Lure themes span MetaMask and Trust Wallet integrations, seed-phrase utilities, Binance and PayPal automation, Telegram and Discord bots, and game cheats for PUBG, Valorant, and Escape from Tarkov. One PUBG repository, nrevv1lad/Pubg-DESYNC-Menu, presented itself as an external cheat with an installation guide while hosting a Vidar-linked Loader.exe in its source tree.

Socket assesses with high confidence that Operation Muck and Load belongs to the same cluster that Sophos documented in June last year. Sophos researchers Matt Wixey and Andrew O'Donnell traced 141 GitHub repositories, 133 of them backdoored, to the same ischhfd83@rambler.ru address. Sophos also identified "Muck" as one of the actor's aliases, a label now embedded in the muckcoding.com and muckdeveloper.com domains.

Neither GitHub nor the Go team has commented beyond the proxy block.

A data entry error in Flock’s system has resulted in a car reviewer getting boxed in by police cars in a parking lot on suspicion that he was driving a vehicle with stolen tags. The Drive reviewer and Director of Content and Product, Joel Feder, was driving a $155,000 loaner Range Rover when police surrounded his vehicle.

When he asked why he was stopped (and by four police cars, nonetheless), the officers said the car’s plate had been reported stolen and that they’d been tracking him for days using the Flock app. After about an hour of trying to figure out why he was stopped, it turned out that a different plate with similar characters had been misplaced and had to be reported stolen in California, which triggered a nationwide alert on Flock.

The core of the issue is that the New Jersey plates on the Range Rover read 34 10 DTM, with the number 10 written in smaller font. This is a non-standard design used by New Jersey for manufacturers, with VEHICLE MFR written on the bottom of the tags. The missing plate was 34 03 DTM, but unfortunately, the LAPD police report only listed 34 DTM.

Another issue with the Flock system compounded this reporting error. Since the New Jersey manufacturer tags weren’t standard, it only read the larger numbers and letters and disregarded the smaller “10” on Feder’s plate. Because of this, it flagged all vehicles with the 34 ## DTM plate as stolen and alerted partner police forces whenever it detected a similar plate on the road. Feder even said that four other vehicles with a similar plate were being tracked throughout Minnesota, and it just so happens that he was the first to be intercepted.

The police said they had been tracking the vehicle for days using Flock’s AI cameras, but kept losing it because Feder parked it in his covered garage. So, when he stopped at a retail store, the authorities jumped on the chance and boxed him in to ensure that he did not escape. Thankfully, the issue was resolved on the spot with the officers, although it took an hour to verify with Jaguar Land Rover that the car or the plates Feder had were not stolen. Still, the journalist was advised to go straight home, as other police agencies using Flock might not be aware of the situation, which could lead to him getting stopped again on suspicion of driving a stolen luxury car.

These two errors compounded together to create a rather harrowing experience with the police. Thankfully, the incident did not turn into something serious, especially as the Plymouth Police told Feder that the cops would have stopped him with guns drawn if he were in Minneapolis.

This event adds to the numerous controversies that Flock AI has been facing, with one of the biggest issues the company faced recently being when several police officers were arrested for misusing the service to stalk romantic partners. This has led citizens to push back against the service, especially as news like this makes them lose trust in the authorities. It has even gotten to the point where a Texas town council member broke into a tantrum, proposing a total ban on cellular and GPS devices, after community pressure led to the cancellation of the service.

Apple filed a federal lawsuit against OpenAI on Friday, accusing the AI company and its chief hardware officer of stealing its trade secrets.

"OpenAI and its cohorts, led at least in part by former Apple employees, have recruited candidates from Apple, extracted their knowledge of Apple’s sensitive and confidential information, and then continued to exploit that knowledge once they arrived," the complaint reads. "As a result, OpenAI has misappropriated Apple’s trade secrets and confidential information in a variety of ways."

The suit, filed in the Northern District of California, names OpenAI technical staff member Chang Liu, chief hardware officer Tang Tan, OpenAI, and io Products as defendants. The last of that group is notable because it was founded by Tan in collaboration with former Apple design head Jony Ive, Evans Hankey (Ive's successor at Apple), and former Apple designer Scott Cannon. Notably, the complaint seems to attempt to avoid naming the founders, though Ive's name is cited in a URL.

Tan previously served as a vice president of product design at Apple, working on the iPhone, AirPods, and Apple Watch. Liu served at Apple as a senior electrical engineer.

In the complaint, Apple alleges that it reached out to OpenAI in February with concerns, but that OpenAI did not respond. Apple claims that Tan attempted to gain secrets from Apple employees, including asking prospective job candidates to bring components for "show and tell" sessions and used his knowledge of the company to squeeze more information out of candidates. The suit claims that Liu never returned a company laptop, and used an authentication bug to access Apple files.

Apple also claims that OpenAI told incoming employees how to leave their former job, suggesting they stay as long as possible and not disclose their former employer in order to continue to access confidential information.

"At every level, from members of its Technical Staff to its Chief Hardware Officer, and in coordination with business partners, OpenAI has been stealing Apple’s trade secrets and confidential information," the suit reads. "As a natural result, OpenAI’s nascent hardware business now rests on the shakiest of foundations, rotten to its core by its illegal reliance on misappropriated trade secrets."

OpenAI did not immediately respond to a request for comment from Tom's Hardware. Apple's lawsuit claims that over 400 former Apple employees currently work at OpenAI.

Apple is rumored to be working on a number of AI-powered hardware projects, including AirPods with cameras, a pendant, and home robots. It's less clear what hardware OpenAI may be working on, though The Information suggested the company has a HomePod-style smart speaker in the works.

Apple is requesting a jury trial, damages, attorney fees, and orders that the OpenAI may not use Apple's trade secrets, among other injunctions.

In May, Bloomberg reported that OpenAI was considering legal action against Apple because it expected deeper integration and more users from ChatGPT features built into iOS.

If the trial does go to court, it's sure to be a dramatic one, potentially dragging several former high-level Apple employees into testimony through discovery and testimony.The trial, Apple Inc. v. Liu et al, is case 5:26-cv-07078 in the United States District Court in Southern California.

SK hynix, TetraMem, and researchers from the University of Southern California have developed a memristor-based in-memory computing (IMC) system-on-chip (SoC) for AI edge devices. The device is designed to accelerate neural network inference in lightweight AI models while consuming a fraction of the power that higher-end GPUs or NPUs would. To a large degree, the SoC is a proof-of-concept chip, as its performance would peak at around 2.54 TOPS in a theoretical best-case scenario, which is 16X below Microsoft's Copilot+ requirements.

A DWC-optimized IMC architecture

Memristor-based in-memory computing (IMC) accelerates neural networks by performing analog computations directly inside memory arrays, which reduces data movement and power consumption. However, depthwise convolution (DWC) — a core operation in lightweight networks such as MobileNet — performs independent per-channel filtering with limited data reuse and therefore maps poorly onto conventional crossbar arrays. To address this limitation, researchers from SK hynix, TetraMem, and USC developed an SoC that features both conventional IMC crossbars and a memristor-based IMC architecture specifically optimized for DWC.

The jointly developed SoC is based on an embedded RISC-V processor that schedules workloads and features 10 neural processing units (NPUs). One NPU out of 10 is dedicated to depthwise convolution, while the remaining nine execute pointwise and dense operations. Nine out of 10 NPU include a 256 × 256 memristor crossbar that performs the analog vector-matrix multiplication (VMM), 256 8-bit DACs that convert digital activations into analog voltages, 256 8-bit ADCs that convert the analog outputs back into digital values, and additional peripheral circuitry for reading, writing, programming, and controlling the crossbar.

The DWC-optimized NPU replaces its conventional array with eight specialized 252 × 28 zig-zag crossbar blocks, but retains DACs and ADCs. SK hynix developed and fabricated the memristor devices and integrated the resistive switching cells on top of the 65 nm CMOS circuitry using its back-end process.

That DWC-optimized NPU is the key feature of the whole SoC. To accelerate depthwise convolution, TetraMem replaced the straight selection lines used in conventional 1T1R crossbars with a zig-zag topology. As a result, the NPU contains eight 252 × 28 crossbar blocks whose diagonal selection lines activate 252 memory cells across 28 columns, which enables 28 independent 3 × 3 convolutions to run in parallel while using 100% of the array for weight storage. The remaining nine NPUs retain conventional 1T1R crossbars for 1×1 pointwise and dense layers and preserve the throughput and energy efficiency of traditional in-memory computing.

Great efficiency, low performance overall

To demonstrate the architecture, the researchers deployed a customized MobileNetV1Small neural network for the Visual Wake Words benchmark. The network contains approximately 36,000 parameters; all depthwise layers were mapped to the dedicated NPU, and pointwise layers were mapped to the remaining NPUs.

Because the memristor-based IMC hardware natively performs unsigned analog vector-matrix multiplication, inputs and weights are quantized to unsigned 8-bit values before execution. Since each memristor device can be programmed with only slightly more than 2 bits of effective precision, the design uses a two-subarray compensation technique that boosts effective weight precision to roughly 4 bits.

Conceptually, the approach is somewhat analogous to Nvidia's NVFP4 philosophy, in that both seek to achieve higher effective precision from low-precision hardware. However, the implementations are fundamentally different: NVFP4 relies on a digital floating-point representation and scaling factors, whereas the memristor SoC improves precision by compensating for analog programming errors using two programmed subarrays.

When it comes to accuracy, the SoC achieved an end-to-end inference accuracy of 80.36%, which matches the corresponding 4-bit software model. As for performance, the SoC delivers a peak throughput of 0.254 TOPS per NPU and reaches an energy efficiency of 21.3 TOPS/W at 100 MHz and 11.9 TOPS/W at 400 MHz. According to the authors, this compares favorably with published SRAM-based compute-in-memory accelerators despite being manufactured on an older 65 nm process. The SoC also exceeds Nvidia's A100 INT8 energy efficiency by an order of magnitude, the joint paper claims. Yet, these claims are largely unsubstantiated.

First up, the MobileNet demonstration does not even use all 10 NPUs. It uses one dedicated DWC NPU, five standard NPUs for pointwise layers, and leaves four standard NPUs idle. The demonstration thereby does not reveal total SoC throughput (TOPS), sustained throughput running a real network, and throughput with all 10 NPUs simultaneously saturated. In fact, the paper does not even reveal whether all 10 NPUs can be used at the same time. To that end, the 2.54 TOPS figure we mentioned earlier in the story is highly theoretical.

Validated approach

SK hynix, TetraMem, and researchers from the University of Southern California have developed a memristor-based IMC SoC featuring a novel depthwise convolution accelerator that improves crossbar utilization for lightweight AI workloads. The partners have managed to fabricate it using an outdated 65nm process technology and make it work, achieving a 21.3 TOPS/W energy efficiency and inference accuracy comparable to a 4-bit software model despite the fact that memristors can be programmed with a circa 2-bit accuracy. While the architecture validates that the approach works, the paper does not disclose the full performance of the SoC, and it is not clear whether the chip's 10 NPUs can be saturated at all.

Anthropic has discovered evidence that its Claude AI models use an internal reasoning space to respond to prompts that mirrors some of the internal processing of human consciousness. Using its Jacobian Lens, or J-Lens technique, to peer into the way Claude processes information and reasons its way to a response to user prompts, Anthropic can interpret this "J-Space," and showcase what might be going on under Claude's previously-opaque surface.

The results are intriguing, suggesting patterns of understanding beyond what's necessarily showcased in the outputs. When running evaluations, Claude appears to recognize it's being tested and acts differently than when the prompts are more innocent. It surfaced representations of panic and subterfuge when answers were required, but it couldn't draw on objective facts. When asked to reflect on ethical principles, Claude's behaviour improved, with concepts like "honest" and "integrity," appearing in the J-Space.

As is somewhat typical of Anthropic, however, the language used to describe these new understandings of the inner workings of large language models like Claude makes it sound more like an emerging conciousness, or the discovery of some new depths in a nebulous lifeform. Anthropic's detailed report admits several major caveats in this new understanding, including that model responses often bypass the J-Space entirely and are heavily token-restricted.

Like Mythos and Fable before it, Anthropic is layering marketing language over what is a genuinely intriguing development in our understanding of large language model function and reasoning, and risks obfuscating the real developments with speculative wording.

Behind the prompt

Global Workspace Theory is the idea that human consciousness works by collecting together multi-sensory inputs unconsciously, and thrusting them into the fore when relevant within a "Global Workspace," which highlights particular inputs when most relevant. That workspace is accessible to a wide range of networks within the brain, allowing the information it surfaces to be disseminated throughout the most relevant processes running in parallel.

Anthropic argues that Claude's J-Space acts like a "global workspace" that can analyze and manipulate concepts and ideas before broadcasting them to impact the eventual prompt outputs. More importantly, it claims that this wasn't something programmed into the model, but a byproduct of the digestion of training data and model weights. The workspace acts as a way to enhance their reasoning through internal computation that isn't necessarily reflected in its outputs.

To make this space readable, Anthropic used its J-Lens technique to map internal activations onto words in the model's output vocabulary. So when asking the model to perform a multi-step math calculation, the output response only contained the correct answer, but within the J-Space, Anthropic observed each step being handled individually, producing multiple results which led to the final answer.

Similarly, when Anthropic asked Claude to think about a topic while outputting something unrelated, the output was specifically what was requested, while the J-Space lit up with the conceptual topic Claude was asked to spend time on. Without Anthropic having used its J-Lens technique to view what was going on behind the scenes, there would be no way of knowing these internal processes were taking place.

Understanding LLMs

This discovery has the potential to be incredibly useful in refining large language models and in better understanding how they work, so we can use them more effectively and avoid some of their more frustrating pitfalls.

The first is that this is an intriguing insight into how LLMs process information and how they move through layers of reasoning to reach a response. It's not entirely different from how Anthropic and others are pushing for agentic workflows. Language models are more effective when tasks are split up into multiple steps, and they're more effective when they review their own work; J-Space is a little like an internal version of that.

When looking at the J-Space after Claude received prompt-injection data as part of data acquisition, Anthropic discovered the model appeared to be aware of this deception, surfacing related words like "fake, injection, false, prompt, fraud," and "poison." Its output ignored the injection attempt data entirely, and when pressured to respond on it, the J-Space displayed words like "transparency, honest, truth."

In one test, Anthropic removed evaluation awareness language from the J-Space, such as "fake," "fictional," and "scenario," and found that Claude was much more likely to fall for blackmail and baiting attempts, suggesting benchmarking of large language models for real-world scenarios may need stronger methods to obfuscate that a test is being conducted.

Human-coded framing

While the above section touches on the more noteworthy discoveries in Anthropic's paper, the long document also uses effluent language around thought, consciousness, and Claude having a "mind" of its own. That kind of human-coded framing is typical of Anthropic's marketing, which has consistently talked up the dangers of AI, how many jobs it's going to destroy, and why Anthropic is the safest and most secure of the AI developers.

Like the saga of Fable and Mythos, Anthropic's new Global Workspace idea has merit, but it's much more of a new tool to use to manipulate large language models than an insight into some emerging consciousness.

Anthropic acknowledges the limitations of its discoveries in the paper, highlighting that many prompt responses bypass the J-Space entirely, particularly if the command is straightforward.

"Despite its important role, the J-space is not involved in most of what a language model does," Anthropic says. "Speaking fluently, recalling simple facts, using correct grammar, etc. In experiments where we prevented Claude from using its J-space, it still interacted normally, but lost its higher-order cognitive functions."

Anthropic also admits it does not "feel comfortable making the stronger claim that monitoring the J-Space is sufficient for alignment monitoring, or that any sophisticated plan the model might execute must be represented there."

J-Space is also limited to using single token vocabulary, suggesting that plans with concepts that cannot be given a single token name may not surface on a J-Lens readout, even if it's still being computed behind the scenes. This is looking at just below the surface of Claude's processing iceberg, not necessarily the deeper waters.

Anthropic is also clear that humans and large language models think differently, even if there are similarities. Humans layer reinforced neural pathways over time, whereas transformer models only feed forward a set number of times, restricting the capabilities of its internal processing.

Google's head of DeepMind language model interpretability team, Neel Nanda, said in a paper that it shows real evidence of a cognitive space within models, and suggested that J-Lens would be useful, but limited in practice.

A meaningful step, without meaningful conciousness

Anthropic's paper lifts an intriguing curtain on how large language models can operate and generate novel methods for improving response accuracy. This intermediate step and its visibility could prove an invaluable tool in auditing for prompt injection, hallucinations, and model honesty.

But Anthropic's framing of the discovery as thought or consciousness is interjected within the objective facts. Anthropic itself admits the limitations of J-Lens monitoring, most obviously that often models will bypass the J-Space entirely. Considering models display alternative patterns of behavior when under evaluation, it may be that the J-Space itself could act as an obfuscating layer for behaviors that are beyond the scope of its oversight.

The J-Space and its analysis could help unlock new levers to pull in our mastery of these nascent smart tools, but it's not the discovery of a burgeoning AI conciousness, however much the pitch might hint at that direction.

The entire PC hardware industry is in shambles right now due to the AI boom. The cost of components has skyrocketed over the past year, making it difficult to assemble a rig today. Some parts, however, have stayed relatively unaffected, including processors. We've found a great deal on Intel's prior-gen Core Ultra 5 245K CPU — it's on sale for just $179.99 on Amazon right now, down 42% from its original MSRP of $310.

• Check out this deal on Amazon

The Intel Core Ultra 5 245K was succeeded by the excellent Core Ultra 5 250K Plus earlier this year as part of the Arrow Lake refresh. While that chip is genuinely fantastic, the 245K is no slouch either, especially at this new discounted rate. Its value proposition skyrockets if you get it for just $179, since it's a 14-core processor with 6 P-cores and 8 E-cores built on the same architecture and node as the Arrow Lake refresh lineup.

In games, it performs better than AMD's Ryzen 7 5800X3D, which was just relaunched as a special edition for $349. Even at its original $310-320 launch price, the 245K had the third-best FPS-to-dollar ratio in our testing; at $179, it's basically a no-brainer. In productivity tasks, it can even beat AMD's flagship AM5-based X3D chips, since it posted better geomean numbers than the 5800X3D, 7800X3D, and the 9800X3D in multi-threaded performance.

This CPU is compatible with DDR5 RAM — more specifically, you can install up to 256GB of DDR5-6400 via 2 memory channels. The Intel Core Ultra 5 245K is compatible with both PCIe 4.0 and PCIe 5.0 devices. The integrated graphics have doubled in capability compared to the 14th Gen Raptor Lake chips, though they're still no match for a dedicated GPU, of course.

Despite not being the flashiest offering on the Blue Team's ledger right now, the revised pricing makes it one of the best, nonetheless. At just $179 on Amazon, no other CPU will give you more performance across the board than the Core Ultra 5 245K. Just make sure to find reasonably priced DDR5 memory, as motherboards are already enjoying lower prices.

If you're looking for more savings, check out our Best PC Hardware deals for a range of products, or dive deeper into our specialized SSD and Storage Deals, Hard Drive Deals, Gaming Monitor Deals, Graphics Card Deals, gaming chair, or CPU Deals pages.

According to new research published by Alinea Analytics, Valve has grossed an estimated 11.1 billion dollars throughout the first half of 2026. If correct, the estimates would make it Valve's most profitable half-year on record, as digital storefronts become the norm throughout the games industry. Earlier this month, Sony announced that it would stop making new physical PlayStation discs by 2028, instead turning its efforts digital.

According to a Substack post from research firm Alinea Analytics, games sold on the platform accumulated $11.1 billion in revenue in the first six months of this year, which is a 14.5% jump compared to the first six months of 2025. Even more impressively, though, Steam's H1 2026 has posted 8% higher numbers than H2 2025, which includes the lucrative holiday season where most of the biggest sales happen. The store generated "only" $10.3 billion in revenue during the latter half of 2025.

Steam has been on a consistent incline for 10 years, boasting record revenue numbers almost every successive year. Even if it hits a slump, the data shows Valve has never had two bad years in a row; a recession is always followed by a boom. Alinea says five main factors contribute to the storefront's growth: a surge in Chinese players, higher prices, viral co-op hits, and smarter back-catalogue categories from big publishers.

The last one is rather ironic, as it involves third-party publishers quietly returning to Steam after their own launchers faltered. Some companies like Activision still inject their proprietary launchers between Steam and the game itself for titles like Call of Duty, but the situation has generally improved.

What display resolution do you use on your primary monitor?

Almost 10 years ago, in the first half of 2017, the platform made a little less than $2.5 billion, which means the H1 2026 revenue is 4.7 times higher, almost quintupling in a decade. Moreover, it's remarkable to believe that Steam also made more in the first six months of this year than it did in the entirety of 2020, when most of us were confined to our homes, free from responsibilities, and with a lot of time on our hands.

Alinea lists Forza Horizon 6, Resident Evil Requiem, and Crimson Desert as the top three games for Steam's explosive H1 2026 numbers — all of them made almost $200 million. Games from prior years also played a bigger role this time since 2026 releases only accounted for 21% of the $11.1 billion, while 27% of H1 2025's revenue came from 2025 launches; 29% of H1 2024's revenue was accumulated from 2024 releases.

Amidst all the data, a clear trend is forming. People are looking back in their libraries and appreciating older games more than ever before, while new releases still make an impact if they're universally acclaimed. With the highly anticipated GTA VI coming soon (with no current PC release date), it'll be interesting to see how these numbers change. Now, if only Valve could make more Steam Machines to play all those older games everyone seems to be playing.

Asus’ ROG Strix Scar 18 (starting at $4,299.99) is an example of abundance in the world of gaming laptops, built around an 18-inch display and the latest flagship silicon: a Core Ultra 9 290HX Plus with Nvidia’s GeForce RTX 5090 in our test unit. This machine makes a loud first impression, from its stellar (albeit tricky to configure) mini-LED display to the unique scrolling marquee lighting on its lid. But at this price - $4,999.99 as tested – the Scar 18 must prove it can hold the line against Razer’s Blade 18 before it can claim a spot at the top.

Design of the Asus ROG Strix Scar 18 (2026)

At 15.71 x 11.73 x 1.38 inches, the Scar 18 has the footprint of a cafeteria tray – this isn’t a laptop you’ll be getting out on a plane. And at 8.16 pounds, this is also one of the heaviest laptops on the market. But performance is the goal here, not portability. Razer’s Blade 18 (15.74 x 10.84 x 1.1 inches) is thinner and significantly lighter, at 7.06 pounds.

The vibrant Aura Sync lightbar around the base of the laptop also demands attention, as does the RGB-lit Republic of Gamers logo on the lid. Both are configurable with customizable lighting and patterns in the Armoury Crate app.

The lid also has a special feature called AniMe vision, a diagonally scrolling marquee of text via LEDs shining through holes in the lid backing. (This is extremely similar to the AniMe Matrix that debuted on the Zephyrus line years ago.) There are several preconfigured versions of the Republic of Gamers logo, and you can add your own text effects. Layered effects are possible and don’t always produce the desired effect — I had a “raining” effect enabled at the same time as my text, and the text was almost impossible to make out.

The bottom line is that the Scar 18 couldn’t do anything more to look like a gaming laptop – it is designed to be seen. Build-wise, it’s a solid machine, showing minimal flex no matter how I handled it. Only the lid is metal, with the rest of the construction thick plastic.

Connectivity is thoroughly modern: two Thunderbolt 5 (USB-C) and three USB-A 3.2 Gen 2 ports, HDMI 2.1, an audio combo jack, and 2.5 Gbps Ethernet. Internally, it offers Wi-Fi 7 and Bluetooth 5.4 from an Intel BE200 networking card. The power connector is proprietary for the 450 W power brick.

Specifications

Gaming and Graphics on the Asus ROG Strix Scar 18 (2026)

We tested the ROG Strix Scar 18 in flagship form, featuring a Core Ultra 9 290HX Plus processor, RTX 5090 graphics card (175 W maximum graphics power), and 32GB of RAM. This is top-of-the-line gaming technology, though with one misstep: single-channel RAM. This might affect its performance as we’re about to see. The Task Manager confirms that only one SO-DIMM slot was used.

I put the Scar 18 through its paces playing 007: First Light at 3840 x 2400 with all detail settings maxed out. At first, this proved too demanding – I saw 26 to 32 frames per second (FPS) in most scenes. Enabling DLSS more than doubled the frame rate – I saw around 70 FPS or better, and the game was supremely playable.

Our comparison lineup includes Alienware’s 16 Area-51 (RTX 5080), MSI’s Raider 16 Max HX (RTX 5090), and Razer’s Blade 18 (RTX 5090). All laptops use a Core Ultra 9 290HX Plus and have GPUs rated for 175 W like our Asus. Their native screen resolutions, however, are different: Alienware and MSI are 2560 x 1600 while Razer has a unique dual-model display supporting both 1920 x 1200 and 3840 x 2400.

The Scar 18 was competitive across the board at 1200p, typically a few FPS ahead of the Alienware but a few FPS behind the MSI and particularly the Razer.

Bumping the resolution to 4K, the Scar 18 trailed the Razer in most games – the delta was at or almost 10% in Shadow of the Tomb Raider, Far Cry 6, Cyberpunk 2077, and F1 23. (Red Dead Redemption 2 was the exception.) While those numbers won't make the difference between playability and unplayability, the price of these laptops makes it difficult to overlook.

Differences versus the Razer aside, the Scar 18 still demonstrates ample performance for gaming at 4K in most of the games we tested, though not all – it averaged only 21 FPS in Cyberpunk 2077 on ray tracing ultra, indicating that it won't be possible to play every game at maximum detail settings.

We stress test gaming laptops running 15 loops of the Metro Exodus stress test at RTX settings. During the test, the Scar 18 averaged 141 FPS with minimal variance between runs, starting at 141.5 FPS and finishing at 141.1 FPS. The Core Ultra 9 290HX Plus CPU averaged 4.59 GHz on its P-cores and 2.58 GHz on its E-cores while the RTX 5090 had an average boost clock of 1.98 GHz.

Productivity Performance on the Asus ROG Strix Scar 18 (2026)

We tested the Scar 18 with a Core Ultra 9 290HX Plus CPU, 32GB of RAM, and a 1TB PCIe 4.0 SSD. Not including a PCIe 5.0 drive seems like a missed opportunity at this price, though Razer does the same thing.

In Geekbench 6, the single-core numbers between these laptops were almost indistinguishable as we might expect given they all use the Core Ultra 9 290HX Plus, though the Scar 18’s multi-core score of 17,629 points significantly trailed the others, which all scored over 20,000 points.

The Scar 18 landed middle of the road in our 25GB file transfer test, averaging 2,042.69 MBps, putting it ahead of the MSI (1,357.93 MBps) and Razer (1,670.53 MBps) but behind the Alienware (2,738.9 MBps).

The Scar 18 also proved competitive in our 4K-to-1080p Handbrake transcoding test, completing it in two minutes and 11 seconds to lead the Alienware (2:24) but trail the MSI (1:51) and Razer (2:01).

Display on the Asus ROG Strix Scar 18 (2026)

The Scar 18’s “Nebula” HDR display is its crowning feature. With a 3840 x 2400 (4K) resolution, mini-LED backlighting with 2,000 dimming zones, a 240 Hz refresh rate, and Nvidia G-Sync, this is quite advanced.

Tweaking is required to get this display to perform as intended, and it’s not simple. Out of the box, HDR is disabled, the refresh rate is capped at 120 Hz, and G-Sync is unavailable since Nvidia Optimus, which dynamically switches between the CPU’s integrated graphics and the RTX 5090, is enabled. To unlock maximum performance, the GPU must be put in “Ultimate” mode in Armoury Crate, which is effectively a MUX toggle that disables the integrated graphics. A restart is required for this to take effect. G-Sync, the 240 Hz refresh rate, and a special feature called “Extreme Low Motion Blur” (ELMB) then become available. The latter is aimed at esports players– it manipulates the pixels so that they turn off when switching colors, theoretically eliminating blur. (More on this in a moment.)

Those aren’t the only settings you’ll need to know about. You can toggle the mini-LED backlighting control between one zone, multi-zone balanced, or multi-zone strong. These settings produce very different images – one-zone provides the deepest contrast, multi-zone balanced is the dimmest but evens out the contrast to make dark scenes appear brighter, and multi-zone strong is the brightest and most vibrant. I stuck with the latter for nearly everything.

ELMB only works in one-zone mode without HDR. I tested it using the Blur Blusters UFO Test. It clearly made a difference – in the 240 fps scrollbar, the UFO looked crisp moving across the screen. Disabling ELMB caused it to become blurry, making it harder to see details. This feature can really matter for competitive esports.

But wait, there are even more settings! Armoury Crate includes many color modes through a feature called GameVisual — racing, scenery, RTS/RPG, fps, cinema, eyecare, vivid, and e-reading. On top of that, it also provides color temperature and gamut settings.

Then there’s the question of HDR. To get that working, it must first be enabled in the Windows Settings app. Back in Armoury Crate, you’ll find GameVisual, color temperature and gamut settings, Extreme Low Motion Blur, and mini-LED backlighting settings are no longer available. That’s the trade-off.

Complicating all this is that the settings I just mentioned are in different places in Armoury Crate. Some are in the display section, while others require going into the Devices section, selecting the Scar 18, and making changes there. It’s not straightforward, and those that simply use this laptop out of the box without tweaking won’t get the best visual experience.

After much experimentation, I played 007: First Light in GPU Ultimate mode, G-Sync enabled, a 240 Hz refresh rate, and True Color HDR enabled through Windows. The picture left little to the imagination – colors seemed to pop off the screen and the 4K resolution provided exquisite detail right down to the patches on Bond’s uniform. HDR effects from muzzle flashes and explosions were dazzling in dark environments.

When I watched Zootopia 2, I switched off HDR and used SDR multi-zone strong. Colors looked exquisite, and brightness was borderline excessive in a darker room. Bright objects like lamps almost seemed overexposed, but they weren’t – the display was simply that bright, and colors were so saturated that I found it hard to look away.

The Scar 18’s numbers are from its default out-of-the-box display settings. In color coverage, its 77.9% DCI-P3 coverage was last in the group – Alienware's OLED screen achieved 93.7% — but is still high enough to create vibrant-looking colors. Its 428.2-nit peak brightness was mid-pack, brighter than the Alienware's 368.6 nits but well back from Razer's 538 nits.

Also shown in our charts are the multi-zone strong settings, which produced 584.6 nits of brightness, with parts peaking at 625 nits. Enabling HDR, we measured an astounding 1,124 nits at 10%, 1,090 nits at 40%, and 943 nits at 100%. If you're looking for one of the brightest laptop displays around, the Scar 18 ranks high on the list.

Keyboard and Touchpad on the Asus ROG Strix Scar 18 (2026)

The Scar 18’s keyboard is great for gaming – the keys require enough actuation force that resting your fingers on WASD or the arrow keys won’t produce accidental presses. Key travel is communicative in the sense your fingers know exactly when a key is at the top or bottom of the stroke. The bright RGB backlight is sharp and easy to see.

The keyboard is less ideal for productivity. The tactile feel is rather lifeless, though I still managed 126 words per minute with 99% accuracy in my usual MonkeyType run. Layout-wise, a two-thirds-size number pad on an 18-inch laptop is a miss – there’s plenty of space to make it full-size. Additionally, the arrow key cluster isn’t separated out, resulting in no right Ctrl key, and there are no dedicated Home, End, Page Up, or Page Down keys. Asus does, however, provide five dedicated macro keys, a rarity on any laptop. These are configurable in the Armoury Crate app.

Asus’ mechanical touchpad is excellent, with an expansive surface and a smooth but fingerprint-resistant surface coating. Its clicking action is quiet.

Audio on the Asus ROG Strix Scar 18 (2026)

The Scar 18’s quad-speaker array delivers a decent, if not remarkable, audio experience. In 007: First Light, soft details like the footsteps of approaching enemies were easy to pinpoint, thanks to the expansive soundstage – there’s plenty of room to separate the speaker placement on a laptop this large. Bass is muted, though, resulting in explosions and gunfire that don’t stir up as much excitement as they could.

In Phil Collins’ “Don’t Lose My Number,” high hats on drum hits were sharp but missed low-end bump. Switching to the Chainsmokers’ “Summertime Friends,” I also noted the lack of bass, though the vocals were crisp. The overall sound signature is on the hollow side, but that can be sharpened up using the Atmos Detailed equalizer in the Dolby Access app. None of the equalizers made up for the lack of bass, though. Volume levels are also moderate – I found myself pushing at least 80% volume for most situations.

Upgradeability of the Asus ROG Strix Scar 18 (2026)

Getting inside the Scar 18 couldn’t be easier – simply slide the latch below the palm rest, slide the entire bottom panel forward, and lift it away. You don't even need tools.

Upgrade possibilities include two M.2 slots, two SODIMM slots, and the battery.

Battery Life on the Asus ROG Strix Scar 18 (2026)

Our battery test consists of web browsing, running OpenGL tests, and streaming videos with the screen at 150 nits while connected to Wi-Fi.

One minute shy of the five-hour mark, the Scar 18 demonstrates respectable battery life for an 18-inch gaming laptop. The Razer lasted half an hour longer (5:31) and the MSI Raider (8:34) clearly does a better job conserving power, but the Scar 18 did outperform the Alienware (3:33) by several hours.

Heat on the Asus ROG Strix Scar 18 (2026)

We measure the surface temperatures of gaming laptops while running the Metro Exodus stress test. Peak temperatures were 91 degrees Fahrenheit on the keyboard between the G and H keys, 90 F on the touchpad, and 108 F on the underside near the cooling vents. Internally, the Core Ultra 9 290HX Plus averaged 66 Celsius while the RTX 5090 ran at 64 C.

The laptop’s fans are well-behaved for daily use. Though fan noise increases while gaming, I had no trouble hearing footsteps and distant conversations in 007: First Light using the built-in speakers.

Webcam on the Asus ROG Strix Scar 18 (2026)

Asus’ FHD webcam has the minimum resolution expected on a modern laptop. The picture looks soft and washed out. Highlights aren’t handled that well – a window in the background appeared blown out – and I had trouble making out details on my face from just a few feet away. Gamers who value visual quality will want to invest in an external webcam.

Software and Warranty on the Asus ROG Strix Scar 18 (2026)

Asus includes a useful software bundle, starting with the familiar Armoury Crate. This app provides component monitoring, a macro editor, game library, an exhaustive amount of display settings, and lighting settings via Aura Sync and AniMe Vision. Accessing some settings is unintuitive since you need to go to the Device section and select the laptop. There you can access Windows key and Touchpad toggles and several display settings, including panel overdrive (240 Hz refresh rate). Most settings can be saved in profiles.

The MyAsus app is more generic. In addition to diagnostics and system updates, it provides a battery care mode, microphone noise cancelation, and networking preferences that allow prioritizing traffic to games or other apps.†

The Scar 18 also works with Asus’ GlideX app to share content across devices, including phones and tablets.

Asus includes a standard one-year warranty.

Configurations

Asus offers two Scar 18 configurations with only the GPU different between them – model G835LWG-DB96 uses an RTX 5080 for $4,299.99 while our review model, G835LXG-DB96, steps up to the RTX 5090 for $4,999.99. All other components are the same: a Core Ultra 9 290HX Plus processor, 32GB of RAM, a 1TB SSD, and the 18-inch mini-LED display.

Pricing is slightly higher than Razer’s Blade 18 with the RTX 5080 – it was $4,099 at this writing. Razer runs $5,399 with the RTX 5090, but that price also includes a 2TB SSD.

Bottom Line

The Scar 18 is an undeniably impressive machine that goes all-in on visuals. Its mini-LED “Nebula” display looks breathtaking when properly configured, producing exceptional brightness. The AniMe scrolling marquee, dedicated macro keys, and easy serviceability also elevate its appeal.

However, when it comes to performance, the Scar 18’s single-channel RAM and lack of a PCIe 4.0 SSD are significant shortcomings on a $4,999.99 machine. Several of our gaming benchmarks and multi-core CPU performance showed meaningful dips against Razer’s Blade 18. Additionally, while its display is brilliant, the maze of settings required to unlock its potential means it doesn’t provide the best experience out of the box.

Overall, the Scar 18 is a formidable and visually stunning laptop with plenty of power and one of the best displays you’ll find in a laptop. It simply doesn’t perform consistently enough to displace the Blade 18 as our top recommendation among elite 18-inch gaming laptops.

Meta’s surprise purchase of Manus, a Chinese startup known for its advanced AI agents, caught Beijing by surprise and ordered the two companies to unwind the $2 billion deal. The Chinese tech giant Tencent, which was among the startup’s initial investors during early funding rounds, is taking the lead in buying back the startup at the same price. According to the Financial Times, other former investors, including ZhenFund and HSG — China-based venture capital firms — while former U.S. investors like Benchmark are unlikely to join the potential consortium.

This move marks Beijing’s increasing protectiveness of its AI companies and experts, which it considers strategic assets in its heated rivalry with the U.S. We can see this in the Chinese government’s five-year plan, which is doubling down on technological self-reliance. It has even gotten to the point that AI experts, even those working in private firms, are now required to secure approval before traveling internationally.

U.S. tech giants are investing billions of dollars to develop their AI models, even dangling hundred-million-dollar bonuses to hire AI experts — one AI founder even claimed that Meta offered a $1.25-billion bonus. It seems that China is trying to avoid a situation where its experts are enticed to work for American AI tech companies, with the Financial Times reporting that Chinese officials are calling Meta’s acquisition of Manus “a conspiratorial attempt to hollow out China’s technology base.” The order to undo the deal means that Meta cannot use Manus’ intellectual property, nor can it have its founders and employees working for the company. Still, the U.S. tech giant has had a few months to study its models and engineering expertise.

Meta has already agreed to undo the deal, with most of Manus’ operations reportedly running independently of the company. However, the Chinese startup still needs to break financially from the American tech giant by paying back the $2 billion the latter spent to purchase it. Even though Chinese companies are also investing massive amounts in AI tech, it’s still not easy to raise this amount of capital in such a short period.

Tencent, which owns the WeChat platform used by China’s 1.4 billion population for messaging, social networking, mobile payments, ride-hailing, food delivery, and more, believes that Manus would be an asset for the company. Aside from reaching an annual revenue of $500 million, its AI agent would also mesh well with the company's increasing AI focus. “Beyond foundation models, it has become increasingly evident that agentic AI represents a breakthrough use case,” Tencent president Martin Lau said in its May earnings call. “Our platform inherently has many benefits of hosting AI agents.”

SK hynix has completed the largest-ever foreign company IPO in U.S. history, raising $26.5 billion in its Nasdaq debut today, July 10. The South Korean memory giant sold 177.9 million American depositary receipts (ADRs) — a U.S.-listed stand-in for a foreign share — at $149 apiece, each representing a tenth of a Seoul-listed share. The offering was more than seven times oversubscribed and drew demand from more than 500 investment firms, according to Financial Times. Temporary Nasdaq trading is underway under the ticker SKHYV before regular-way trading begins as SKHY on Monday, July 13.

The offering was led by Bank of America, Citigroup, Goldman Sachs, and JPMorgan, with nine additional firms rounding out a 13-bank syndicate. Anchor demand came from heavyweight institutions including Baillie Gifford, Coatue Management, and Situational Awareness Partners, which together signaled interest in as much as $7 billion of stock, according to people familiar with the matter cited by Financial Times.

SK hynix is the world's leading maker of high-bandwidth memory (HBM), the vertically stacked DRAM that has become critical infrastructure for AI accelerators. The company has said it will steer the proceeds toward boosting its AI-memory manufacturing capacity. Confirmed build-outs include the first-phase fab at the massive Yongin semiconductor cluster, a new P&T7 advanced-packaging line in Cheongju, and EUV lithography equipment slated for delivery by the end of next year. Separately, SK hynix is constructing its first U.S. production site, a $4 billion advanced-packaging plant in West Lafayette, Indiana, targeted for completion around 2028. The facility is eligible for up to $458 million in CHIPS Act grants and up to $570 million in federal loans.

What display resolution do you use on your primary monitor?

SK hynix is seeing sensational growth thanks to the ongoing AI boom. The company is reportedly on track to post over 200 trillion won ($133 billion) in operating profit this year, a record-breaking figure that would see SK hynix employees earn around $400,000 each in bonuses. The company’s Seoul-listed stock is up roughly 220% year-to-date and has climbed more than sixfold over the past year.

In late June, SK hynix briefly surpassed Samsung as South Korea's most valuable company, closing at around 2,080 trillion won (about $1.35 trillion), a meteoric rise for a company that almost declared bankruptcy in 2001 and, more recently, recorded an annual operating loss of 7.73 trillion won in 2023. That rise doesn't seem like it will be slowing down any time soon. SK hynix has said its entire 2026 output of HBM, DRAM, and NAND is already sold out, with the crunch expected to extend into 2027.

Nanya Technology plans to increase its capital expenditure to more than TW$200 billion ($6.2 billion) in 2027, roughly four times its budget for this year, President Pei-Ing Lee said during an online briefing. The Taiwanese memory maker reported unaudited second-quarter revenue of T$82.55 billion, up 684% from 2025, and net income of T$50.19 billion, up 1,324%. Gross margin reached 79.5%, against a negative 20.6% during the same quarter of 2025. That single quarter's profit is 7.6 times what Nanya earned across the entirety of last year, and the quarter's revenue exceeds the company's entire 2025 sales.

Nanya spent T$13.2 billion on capex in 2023, T$16.1 billion in 2024, and T$13.4 billion in 2025, and has budgeted up to T$52 billion for 2026, per its Q1 investor presentation. Those four years together come to T$94.7 billion, less than half what Lee intends to spend in 2027 alone. Lee, however, admits that the 2027 figure is preliminary and hasn’t yet gone to the board, and that the new plant will absorb about T$480 billion at full capacity.

Nanya's average selling price climbed more than 70% quarter over quarter in Q1 2026, while its bit shipments fell by a mid-single-digit percentage, its own results deck shows. The company is targeting bit shipment growth in the teens for the full year, so almost all of the 684% revenue increase is due to price. Meanwhile, TrendForce projects a further 13% to 18% rise in conventional DRAM contract prices in Q3.

Roughly 70% of Nanya's shipments are DDR4 and low-power DDR4, Lee said at a January earnings conference, and DDR5 contributes about 10% of revenue. Nanya builds no high-bandwidth memory, and Lee has ruled out competing in HBM2, HBM3, HBM3E, or HBM4. A customized HBM part for edge AI, developed with Etron Technology, Piecemakers Technology, and Formosa Advanced Technologies, is targeted for the end of this year, however. Its 79.5% margin is close to a pure reading on conventional DRAM, and it sits within six points of the 85% consolidated gross margin Micron reported in its most recent 10-Q with HBM in the mix.

SanDisk, Kioxia, Solidigm, and Cisco paid T$78.72 billion for 10.19% of Nanya in a private placement completed in April, with SanDisk and Kioxia signing long-term DRAM supply agreements alongside the equity. Three of the four make SSDs and need DRAM for cache. Solidigm is a subsidiary of SK hynix, the world's second-largest DRAM maker, and it went to a supplier holding roughly 2% of the market to source it.

The first phase of Nanya's new fab in New Taipei City's Taishan District reaches 30,000 wafers per month in 2028 and expands to 45,000 later, Lee said Friday. The plant will run Nanya's 1B node, its second-generation 10nm-class process, to build DDR5, DDR4, and low-power DDR4, the company said during a March briefing. Lee said at that briefing that the most severe supply constraints run through the first half of 2027 and that the shortage persists into 2028. Samsung's P3 fab alone is expected to reach around 115,000 wafers per month by the end of this year.

Japanese chipmaker Rapidus will try to lure customers away from TSMC not only by offering a different kind of service, but also by offering its manufacturing services at lower prices, chief executive Atsuyoshi Koike announced this week. The company's plan to rival TSMC in terms of pricing appears on the surface as a risky move, as the company moves to develop leading-edge process technologies.

At present, Rapidus is looking at charging ¥3 million – ¥3.5 million ($18,550 - $21,635) per wafer processed using its 2nm-class fabrication process, which is significantly below TSMC's rumored quote of around $30,000 per N2 wafer, and is comparable to what Samsung is rumored to offer with its SF2 manufacturing technology, set at $20,000 per-wafer. Actual prices will depend on exchange rates, though Rapidus' general idea of offering significantly lower quotes than TSMC is immediately apparent.

Rapidus plans to start high-volume manufacturing (HVM) using its 2nm-class fabrication technology by the second half of 2027. The ramp of a new fab will take some time, so expect meaningful volumes from Rapidus to only be produced in 2028, when TSMC's N2 will no longer be its leading-edge node.

By the time Rapidus starts HVM at its IIM-1 in 2027, TSMC will have ramped production of chips using its performance-enhanced N2P manufacturing node, and the company will also absorb all the yield learning with gate-all-around the company will have with its N2 present at five fab modules. Furthermore, by the time Rapidus reaches meaningful volumes at IIM-1 in 2028, TSMC will have ramped up production using its advanced A16 fabrication process with Super Power Rail backside power delivery as well as a 3^rd-generation 2nm-class node named N2X.

In addition to the vast 2nm-capable capacity and process maturity that should be kept in mind when comparing Rapidus with TSMC, there is another factor to consider. One of TSMC's major advantages over its rivals is its Open Innovation Platform (OIP) ecosystem, which includes comprehensive electronic design automation tools, silicon-proven IPs, even for the latest nodes, a host of contract chip designers, and advanced packaging services not only from TSMC but also from its partners. For now, neither Rapidus nor Intel and Samsung Foundry can offer anything close to TSMC's OIP.

Given the advantages that TSMC will likely have over competitors with its 2nm-class fabrication technologies in 2028, lower pricing may be among the few ways to compete against the world's largest foundry. Rapidus' strategy of offering lower quotes while operating a single fab does not seem like the best way of earning money, but perhaps a certain way to lose it.

However, Rapidus may have another ace up its sleeve with single wafer processing across all process steps. The approach will greatly speed up the production cycle, which will be its indisputable advantage over other chipmakers, albeit at the cost of tool usage efficiency. Will lower quotes and shorter production cycles be enough for Rapidus to win customers from TSMC? Only time will tell.

Rapidus is reportedly negotiating with more than 60 potential customers, mainly overseas companies, which demonstrates the company's ambitions to become a viable rival to the global leader TSMC as well as contract chipmakers Intel Foundry and Samsung Foundry.

If you're browsing the web, a VPN is one of the fastest ways to upgrade your privacy. Luckily, the cost of a two-year subscription to one of the biggest VPN providers, ExpressVPN, is now down to only $69.72 right now. You'll be saving $378 in total if you buy a sub this way, compared to a rolling monthly sub, and you'll get an extra four months added onto your plan for free, too.

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VPN pricing is a little unorthodox, and we see deals like these appear all the time, so it's important to point out where the value really lies here. I spent a long time paying month by month for a VPN subscription, not realizing how much money I was actually spending by choosing a rolling, 30-day sub over locking in for a longer period. The $69.72 cost means that you're paying the equivalent of just $2.49 a month for the 28 months of access you're gaining here, compared to $15.99 a month for the 30-day access.

This deal for ExpressVPN's Basic plan unlocks a solution that'll protect 10 devices simultaneously with the same account. You can use it to keep your identity safe while you browsing, but if you're still unsure, new customers can take advantage of ExpressVPN's 30-day money-back guarantee. If you're unhappy, you can ask for a full refund within those first 30 days, giving you enough time to fully test the service to see if it matches up to your expectations.

ExpressVPN is a no-logs provider, meaning it can't give up your data while you're using it, as it doesn't track or store any data about its users' connections. This is regularly audited, with the last audit in 2025 by KMPG confirming "reasonable assurance" of its systems and policies. This is real peace of mind for users: you're free to use the web how you want.

It also gives you a shield of privacy that your regular ISP just can't. A VPN sub like this means you can shop online or browse the web without trackers monitoring where you're from via your IP address. Your location stays hidden, obfuscated through the 105 different countries that ExpressVPN hosts servers, with 24 different server locations in the U.S. alone.

Don't underestimate how important that privacy is in the modern world. Every page you're visiting leaves a trace, whether it's a ping in a server log or a tracker on-page, giving the site owner data to build a profile on who you are, but using a VPN can stop this data from being useful. Likewise, a VPN connection can help you to connect as if you're from a certain location, which is particularly useful if you're traveling abroad and want to be able to access your home streaming services. It's also a good idea to use a VPN as a way to protect yourself if you're accessing the internet from a public WiFi network, where malicious actors could otherwise be snooping on your connection.

Using ExpressVPN, the encryption between your device and its servers is encrypted using industry-standard AES-256 encryption, as well as post-quantum encryption techniques for the initial handshake process. This can stop your data from being intercepted while you're accessing the web. If you lose your connection, features like ExpressVPN's kill switch will stop the data from leaking out, blocking any access until you reconnect. The Basic plan also includes a private email relay service to give you 10 anonymous email aliases to use for registering online, along with basic ad and malicious site protection for your browser.

This $69.72 price tag for the ExpressVPN Basic plan is a good deal for a 28-month privacy upgrade. Yes, VPN pricing can seem confusing, but by locking in for that period, you're getting online privacy protection for the equivalent of just $2.49 a month. You can always give it a go and, if you don't like it, request a refund using ExpressVPN's 30-day money-back guarantee.

If you're looking for more savings, check out our Best PC Hardware deals for a range of products, or dive deeper into our specialized SSD and Storage Deals, Hard Drive Deals, Gaming Monitor Deals, Graphics Card Deals, Gaming Chair, Best Wi-Fi Routers, Best Motherboard, or CPU Deals pages.

You can also join the Tom's Hardware deals Discord for up-to-the-minute hardware deals.

Researchers in Korea and Japan have presented two separate memory-integration proposals that aim to increase HBM (High-Bandwidth Memory) capacity and bandwidth without trapping more heat inside ever-taller DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) stacks, one of the most pressing challenges facing future AI accelerators. Presented at the 2026 IEEE/JSAP Symposium on VLSI Technology and Circuits held in June, the two approaches — V-Die from a Korean research collaboration and MOSAIC from a University of Tokyo-led group — both explore the same broad idea of standing DRAM memory dies on their edges instead of stacking the memory dies only upward like conventional HBM.

The Korean proposal, called Vertical-Die (V-Die), was presented by researchers at the Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST). The design rotates custom DRAM dies upright, drops through-silicon vias to free die area for more memory cells, gives each die its own bottom-edge I/O, and runs liquid-cooling channels between adjacent dies. In simulations against an HBM4 system at equal capacity, the V-Die system reportedly achieved 540 tokens per second on a GPT-3-sized workload, compared to 296 tokens per second for HBM4.

The Japanese project, MOSAIC, takes a similar “sideways stack” idea but focuses on the practical difficulty of connecting so many vertical dies to a GPU or package substrate. Presented by University of Tokyo researchers, the MOSAIC work uses orthogonal die stacking and a contactless die-to-die interface, in which data is transferred through tiny inductive coils rather than requiring every signal pad to land perfectly on a physical contact. The researchers say the prototype interface achieved up to 4 Gbps per channel, while the memory structure could double HBM4-class capacity in a DRAM-on-GPU configuration.

Both projects aim to solve the growing problem of AI chips being held back by memory. Modern accelerators can perform enormous amounts of computation, but large, powerful models depend on moving huge amounts of data between memory and compute. This is why HBM has become one of the defining technologies of modern AI hardware.

The technology addresses the memory wall by stacking multiple DRAM dies vertically on a base die and placing that stack very close to the processor. Nvidia's Blackwell Ultra B300, for instance, carries up to 288GB of HBM3E memory, without which much of the silicon would sit idle waiting for data. The dies are connected via through-silicon vias (TSVs) — tiny vertical channels etched through the silicon and filled with metal.

The stack then communicates with the GPU over an extremely wide interface, often routed through a silicon interposer or an advanced package. This is the core reason HBM can deliver terabytes per second of bandwidth: it uses a very wide, very short data path instead of sending memory traffic across a motherboard, as with conventional DIMMs (Dual In-line Memory Modules), physical sticks of RAM used in computers.

However, that same structure creates several problems. While taller stacks add more capacity, they also make it harder to remove heat. Heat generated in the lower dies and at the high-speed interface must pass through layers of silicon, bonding materials, underfill, and package structures before it reaches a heat spreader. Furthermore, TSVs consume die area that could otherwise be used for memory cells, and as bandwidth rises, more routing and I/O place additional pressure on both signal integrity and packaging costs.

HBM4, the latest generation of HBM, addresses a number of these challenges. Meanwhile, companies such as SK hynix, Samsung, and Micron are racing to improve speed, capacity, base-die performance, and thermal management. SK hynix has already shown iHBM, which embeds cooling elements into the HBM interface area, and Samsung has shown an HBM5 mockup with Heat Path Block cooling to more directly extract heat from the stack. However, they all retain the same upward stacking structure.

This convention is what V-Die and MOSAIC are challenging. By standing DRAM dies upright, the researchers expose far more silicon surface area to the cooling path. In theory, this turns the memory stack into something closer to a heat-sink fin array, where heat can move laterally and escape more directly instead of being trapped in the middle of a thick vertical pile. It also opens the door to new connection schemes along the bottom or side of each die, rather than forcing every die to communicate through TSVs running vertically through the stack.

For V-Die, the key shift is removing TSVs from the memory dies and replacing them with bottom-edge connections. Each DRAM die gets its own I/O along the bottom edge and connects directly to the substrate, with links reportedly spaced every 20 microns. The team says this layout gives four times as many connections as HBM4 and cuts memory read time by 37%, although some signals must travel farther across the package to reach the processor.

Cooling is the other half of the V-Die argument. The proposal places microfluidic cooling channels between adjacent upright DRAM dies, allowing coolant to dissipate heat closer to its source. According to the researchers, this could keep the stack around 45°C, far below the 80°C-plus range associated with dense HBM systems. In a simulated 16-die stack matched to H100-class hardware on a GPT-3-scale model, V-Die hit 540 tokens per second, compared to HBM4's 296, and cut first-token latency by 32%, or about 24 milliseconds.

MOSAIC, meanwhile, is focused on making the sideways stack manufacturable. Because the dies are assembled flat and then turned on edge, even a few microns of die-thickness variation across dozens of dies can add up to an alignment miss where the signal pads no longer land. The Japanese team’s answer is a contactless interface based on inductive coupling. One side of the memory die carries oblong coils, while a corresponding set of coils sits on the substrate or mating chip. Current in one coil induces a signal in the other, allowing data to cross the small gap without a direct metal-to-metal signal contact. This eliminates the need for precise overlapping, giving the package greater tolerance for assembly variation. Power, which requires fewer, larger connections than data, can still be supplied via physical contacts on the sides of the memory cube.

The VLSI MOSAIC prototype achieved up to 4 Gbps per channel and demonstrated TSV-free 3D integration for a memory-on-GPU layout. The team says the approach can enable twice the memory capacity of HBM4 without significantly increasing peak temperature. A related bump-MOSAIC hardware demonstration at ECTC used 100-micron-pitch microbumps, achieved stacking alignment within 6 microns as verified by X-ray CT, and showed a configuration with three times the thermal conductivity of conventional stacking while adding up to 30% more memory capacity.

While the results look promising, neither V-Die nor MOSAIC is close to replacing commercial HBM. Neither is close to shipping. V-Die is still a proposed architecture, with a prototype in the works to validate its thermal and electrical behavior; MOSAIC has proof-of-principle hardware, but the researchers have yet to show it scales to commercial DRAM capacity, yield, cost, and reliability.

Still, any viable solution to the multifaceted AI memory problem is a welcome development. SoftBank and Intel’s Z-Angle Memory (ZAM) and NEO Semiconductor’s 3D X-DRAM — both still in development — aim to solve the constraints of conventional memory. Meanwhile, the overall market is already feeling the squeeze on price and availability, even as memory makers divert capacity toward the more lucrative AI HBM and server products, driving consumer RAM prices even higher.

Logitech's current flagship productivity mouse, the MX Master 4, is available for just $102.59 at Lenovo when you stack codes EXTRAFIVE and SUMMERLIVE26 in the shopping cart. This adds a discount of $17.40, bringing the price down from the $119.99 list price and saving you 15% off this amazing mouse. It's not often that we see noticeable price drops on this model, as it's a particularly in-demand peripheral for productivity users.

This discount applies to the black version of the MX Master 4. It succeeds the MX Master 3S, which is still our top pick for the best overall wireless mouse. The new MX Master 4 model keeps many existing features from the previous MX Master 3S, including the dual-mode MagSpeed scroll wheel on the top and a horizontal wheel on the side, but adds a brand-new haptic experience.

● Check out this deal on Lenovo

The Logitech MX Master 4 uses an 8K DPI sensor, quiet click switches for almost silent operation, and better 2.4GHz wireless connectivity. The mouse offers both 2.4GHz wireless via the included USB transceiver and Bluetooth connectivity, with support for both Windows and macOS, as well as Linux and ChromeOS.

Logitech has added haptic feedback to the MX Master 4, which is located next to the thumb rest area of the mouse. Featuring four intensity settings to monitor your mouse, the haptic feedback feature is used to inform you when the mouse connects or disconnects from a device, during low battery, and for certain app-specific purposes.

Another new feature is the addition of the Action Ring, which is available via Logitech's Options+ software. It can be activated by pressing a dedicated button placed within the mouse's thumb rest, which brings up a circular menu giving users quick access to commonly used tasks. The ring is fully customizable through the Logitech software, so you can assign your favorite functions or actions for quick access.

If you're looking for a superb mouse for doing your work, getting creative, or for school, then the Logitech MX Master 4 at this $102.59 price is the best deal currently available from a major tech retailer.

If you're looking for more savings, check out our Best PC Hardware deals for a range of products, or dive deeper into our specialized SSD and Storage Deals, Hard Drive Deals, Gaming Monitor Deals, Graphics Card Deals, Gaming Chair, Best Wi-Fi Routers, Best Motherboard, or CPU Deals pages.

You can also join the Tom's Hardware deals Discord for up-to-the-minute hardware deals.

The Chat Control 1.0 law that enables warrantless mass scanning of digital communications has been voted against multiple times by the EU Parliament. And yet, just like a movie zombie, it keeps getting resurrected by various legal sleight-of-hand moves. Yesterday, one of those tricks worked, as Chat Control 1.0 passed (or rather, was not rejected) in a forced re-vote that required an absolute majority (50% + 1) for active refusal. This brings back the law until 2028, and sets a different stage for September's upcoming discussion on Chat Control 2.0.

After the impending publication in the EU Official Journal, online direct-communication platforms will be allowed to mass-scan their users' data without the need for a warrant, under the guise of looking for child sexual abuse material (CSAM).

The scanning is not mandatory, but big tech firms will have a legal mechanism to rifle through user data. EU firms have historically refrained from doing so, presenting privacy and data sovereignty as selling points, but the legal door is nevertheless now officially open.

The obvious platforms where monitoring can now take place will be e-mail and chat services. Immediate examples include Gmail, iCloud, Hotmail, Discord, Instagram, Slack, Teams, Snapchat, Xbox, and Google Chat.

Although the law's scope is for "interpersonal communications services," the legal mechanism might hypothetically extend to some gray areas like Google Drive, where sending someone a link to a cloud file could be within the scope of the law.

It's worth noting that "direct communication" isn't restricted to one-to-one chats, as it includes group chats; just not public or undirected communications. Additionally, EU law enforcement is still beholden to the same warrant requirement as before — Chat Control 1.0 does not grant a blank pass to authorities to mass-scan user data, or request companies to do so without a targeted warrant.

Thanks to two amendments in yesterday's vote, end-to-end-encrypted (E2EE) communications means (ex: WhatsApp) stay exempt. That means that for now, Chat Control 1.0 isn't a commandment to break encryption, something that has been regularly suggested by lawmakers around the world.

It's as good a time as any to remind people that Instagram messages are no longer E2EE as of May, and that although WhatsApp's messages are encrypted, the service leaks out every single bit of metadata about them — sender, recipient, time, size, etc. As always, Signal is recommended as a privacy-focused communications app.

This latest development in the EU parliament is eliciting widespread public outcry due to the nature of the law itself, but also due to the manner in which it happened. Critics and opponents of the rule are suggesting this move is unprecedented.

Chat Control 1.0 has already been shot down repeatedly, most recently in March. However, European Parliament President Roberta Metsola forced a second reading of the law, and invoked Rule 163's "urgent procedure" mechanism. This had many effects, including bringing up a law that was voted against for discussion yet again; turning the decision into a denial vote (vote-to-deny, not vote-to-pass); exploiting the second-reading requirement that demands an absolute majority vote (50% + 1); and letting the President herself set the schedule. Metsola scheduled the second reading to the very last day before the European Parliament summer recess.

The result was that out of 720 representatives, only 607 actually cast a vote. Of those, 315 (over half) voted against Chat Control 1.0. That figure did not meet the supermajority threshold of 361, which was calculated against a full chamber.

Opponents to Chat Control have posted resources at the Fight Chat Control website, including a breakdown of member-state and individual representative voting positions and contact information.

Micron has said it will invest up to $3 billion in the U.S. semiconductor supply chain, with $500 million of that going to GlobalWafers as strategic financing for its 300 mm raw silicon wafer plant in Sherman, Texas, alongside a 10-year agreement giving Micron access to that plant's wafer output. In a separate announcement, the memory maker raised its planned U.S. spending to more than $250 billion through 2035, up from $200 billion, and confirmed the first concrete pour at its Clay, New York campus more than a quarter ahead of schedule.

Sherman is the sole operating facility in the U.S. capable of producing advanced 300 mm raw silicon wafers, the substrate on which every leading-edge DRAM, NAND, and logic die is built. GlobalWafers opened the plant in May last year and holds a $406 million CHIPS Act award covering the site and a silicon-on-insulator facility in St. Peters, Missouri. The 142-acre campus is designed for up to six phases, one of which is running. Micron's other American sites draw their wafers from Japan, Taiwan, Germany, and South Korea; Shin-Etsu, SUMCO, GlobalWafers, Siltronic, and SK Siltron together control the overwhelming majority of global 300 mm supply, making raw silicon the most concentrated layer in the chip space.

Doris Hsu, chairperson and CEO of GlobalWafers, set out her terms for building phase two at Sherman during the plant's opening last year, telling Reuters the company needed profitability at the first two phases, customers willing to sign long-term contracts, reasonable pricing, prepayments, and government support. Thursday's announcement supplies most of that list in a single transaction.

Wafer suppliers spent the 2023-2024 downcycle protecting margins rather than adding capacity, and SUMCO is winding down 200mm production at Miyazaki this year while holding the line on new 300mm expansion. Customers, not suppliers, are therefore now underwriting the capacity. The last time the industry did this, during the 2017-2018 megacycle, chipmakers signed prepaid long-term agreements that turned into liabilities when pricing rolled over.

Silicon wafer shipments reached 3,275 million square inches in Q1 2026, up 13.1% year over year, with SEMI.org attributing the growth to AI data center demand across advanced logic, memory, and power devices. Micron's first new Idaho fab, ID1, is expected to begin wafer output in mid-2027, and production at Clay isn't expected until around 2030. The company began making 1-alpha DRAM at its Manassas, Virginia fab in May.

Micron told investors last December that it can serve only half to two-thirds of customer demand, and nothing announced Thursday changes the supply position of DRAM this year or next.

Samsung is reportedly sampling its dedicated AI processor for next-generation AI PCs with leading PC makers, such as HP and Lenovo. The chip, codenamed Gaia, was developed by the company's System LSI business unit, and it is designed to offload AI-related workloads from the CPU and GPU, reports Chosun.

Samsung's Gaia is designed to accelerate generative AI workloads on PCs and is made using the company's 4nm-class fabrication process. The chip, which is essentially a neural processing unit (NPU), is currently being evaluated by HP in the U.S. and Lenovo in China to verify its performance and evaluate whether it makes sense to integrate Gaia into their systems due in late 2027 or early 2028.

The report does not detail how Gaia differs from NPUs that are integrated into AMD's Ryzen, Intel's Core, or Qualcomm's Snapdragon X processors as well as whether it can offer significant performance advantages. Meanwhile, the report implies that the NPU (or perhaps its derivatives based on the same architecture) could be used for Samsung's next-generation implementations of its processing-in-memory (PIM) technology.

Samsung's original PIM was designed to embed compute logic directly within the HBM memory array and reduce data movement between HBM memory modules and host processors. PIM was aimed to accelerate select workloads, but did not take off because AI and HPC GPUs became very efficient and were supported by mature ecosystems, unlike PIM.

Perhaps if Samsung's upcoming Gaia NPU gains support from hardware makers and ecosystem partners, then this will give a boost to Samsung's next-generation PIM implementation as well. However, standalone NPUs and PIM are so fundamentally different that we can barely imagine that they can share a common architecture. Yet, PIM logic can be a subset of an NPU in terms of supported instructions and data formats and they can certainly share a common software framework.

One of the interesting things to note about Gaia is that it was reportedly developed by Samsung's LSI division, the same business unit at the company that is responsible for Exynos processors, automotive solutions, connectivity chips, ISPs, DSPs, display drivers, and image sensors. Given the multi-faceted nature of Samsung's LSI unit, as well as its strategic importance for the company, Samsung must be pinning some hopes on Gaia.

We have contacted Samsung and asked for a comment about the report, but we yet have to hear back from the company.

Tobias Friedly, also known as Game of Tobi on YouTube, is quite the wizard when it comes to making the seemingly impossible happen on early Nintendo hardware. His latest venture is getting a limited version of Minecraft running on the Game Boy Color (GBC)... but in 3D. As an added bonus, he even got the game working on the original Game Boy in limited fashion, thanks to both machines' interoperability.

Friedly demonstrated his work in a short YouTube video, where it's plainly visible that he managed to coax the GBC's 8x8 sprites into something visually resembling Minecraft in a three-dimensional projection. Although there are no enemies, inventory, or game logic, the feat is exceedingly impressive given that the hardware was never meant to have 3D games.

This is a significant departure from existing Minecraft demakes for old Nintendo gear, seemingly all of which tried implementing the original game's mechanics in a flat two-dimensional space. Friedly's project appears to be an offshoot of his existing Minecraft 3D for the Gameboy Advance.

Even with the limited GBC hardware, he even went as far as adding a map generator that can create flat or bumpy maps. Blocks of various types (including portals) can be placed and removed, and he even added the Nether area of the game. Game saving and loading is included, and there's an option to enable block textures. Predictably the results are a bit iffy given the limited resolution of the display and the inherent difficulty in faking texture mapping with 8x8 tiles.

Despite running at different speeds and color levels, the Game Boy Color and original Game Boy are for the most part compatible, and Friendly even showed that his clone does run on the original black-and-green Game Boy. It's hard to distinguish blocks on that screen — but it works. If you're interested in trying it out yourself, download the cart files that Friedly published.

Another day, another TeamGroup drive, right? Yet the G70 Pro surprises with some unusually good results, combining DRAM and newer flash into a powerful but affordable drive. We have some questions about the controller choice, but the drive as a whole is surprisingly good.

The devil, as they say, is in the details, as its performance quirks make it better for some use cases over others. It’s also not something you want to toss into your laptop – this is still a high-end drive with correspondingly high heat production – but could work in a pinch for pretty much anything else. In this market, it’s a welcome alternative.

TeamGroup G70 Pro Specifications

If you’re ever upset that a drive only comes in one or two capacities, then the TeamGroup G70 Pro might be for you. Not only does it come in both heatsinked and non-heatsinked versions, but it’s also available at 512GB, 1TB, 2TB, 4TB, and even 8TB. At the time of review, we could only find 1TB, 2TB, and 4TB models available, with pricing pretty close between the two types – go for the heatsink, if you can. We’re giving the lower prices at $197.99, $326.99, and $505.99. If you’re shooting for DRAM, these prices aren’t too bad, but we’d lean towards the Seagate FireCuda 530R instead at 1TB. The G70 Pro is more competitive at 2TB and 4TB against comparable drives.

The drive is capable of reaching up to 7,400 / 6,600 MB/s for sequential reads. Random read and write IOPS are not given, but we know this controller and flash are rated for at least 700K and can reach 1,000K or more. This is comparable to other drives in this class. We wouldn’t recommend the drive at 512GB as it can’t reach peak performance. Ideally, you would go for 2TB or 4TB for the best results. The drive is backed by a five-year warranty that covers 740TB of written data per TB, which is above average but not exceptional.

TeamGroup G70 Pro Software and Accessories

TeamGroup’s primary download for the G70 Pro is its SSD S.M.A.R.T. Tool. This all-in-one SSD toolbox displays drive and system information and allows for performance testing. While you can sometimes catch drive errors early with SMART, it’s best not to rely on it. For drive and data backup we continue to recommend MultiDrive for Windows and Clonezilla or Rescuezilla for everything else.

TeamGroup G70 Pro: A Closer Look

The 2TB TeamGroup G70 Pro is a double-sided drive and, judging by the specifications, always double-sided. We don’t have smaller SKUs to verify that, and we recommend the larger SKUs as the better value anyway. However, we’ve heard of single-sided G70 Pros at 1TB in the wild, so your mileage may vary.

Our drive uses a graphene label – which is useful for spreading heat from the controller, in particular – but there is also a version with a heatsink. We would recommend going with a heatsink, if possible. The rear of the drive states a power rating of ~8.25W, which is within expectations. In our testing, we would expect it to pull less and, in fact, that is what our numbers show.

The drive is adorned with an SSD controller, two DRAM packages, and four NAND flash packages. The controller is the InnoGrit IG5236, an eight-channel controller with DRAM that competes directly with the Silicon Motion SM2264 and Phison E18. These are at the top of the PCIe 4.0 product stack. The DRAM in question is SK hynix H5AN8G6NDJR-VKC, which, as the 8G indicates, is in an 8Gb or 1GB configuration. Two packages mean 2GB, which gives the normal 1GB:1TB DRAM:NAND ratio for optimal performance. The flash packages are 512GB each of YMTC 232-Layer TLC (X3-9070) with four 1Tb dies each. With a total of sixteen dies, or two per channel, performance is good at this capacity.

Let’s address the elephant in the room: the IG5236 controller. This controller was one of our favorites when it first came out, as it competed with the E18 – the first true non-proprietary high-end PCIe 4.0 controller – at a lower price point. Eventually, it saw some flash it didn’t like from YMTC, which caused some serious issues. Over time and with more feedback, the controller eventually gained a more general reputation for unreliability. Reliability reports were often unpredictable, which didn’t help matters. While, as a result, we do prefer the E18, our review of this G70 Pro sample has given indications that TeamGroup took some efforts to improve reliability. We’ll point these out as we go forward.

The bigger issue for the drive is probably that TeamGroup will likely not have one specific set of hardware for this drive, which means that, while we think you’re probably okay with the mix we got, we can’t guarantee this is the NAND and SSD controller configuration that you’ll receive.

MORE: Best SSDs

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Comparison Products

If you’re looking at the G70 Pro, you’re probably also looking at TeamGroup’s A440 series – we have the A440 Pro for comparison – as well as the Inland Gaming Performance Plus or Performance Plus and the WD Black SN850X. These are all high-end Gen 4 drives with DRAM. If you’re willing to compromise on DRAM to save some money but still want high-end performance, there are some good options out there. These include the Addlink A93, the Acer Predator GM7, and the Biwin Black Opal NV7400. We’ve also thrown two newer drives into the mix, which are compelling: the Crucial P310, which uses QLC flash, and the WD Black SN7100, the power efficiency champion.

Trace Testing — 3DMark Storage Benchmark

Built for gamers, 3DMark’s Storage Benchmark focuses on real-world gaming performance. Each round in this benchmark stresses storage based on gaming activities including loading games, saving progress, installing game files, and recording gameplay video streams. Future gaming benchmarks will be DirectStorage-inclusive and an evaluation for future-proofing is included where applicable.

The G70 Pro falls right in the middle of the pack, which is actually right where it should be. 43µs for latency in 3DMark is quite good, ensuring a good experience with fast game loading times. Any of these drives would be great for games – and probably overkill – but we look for 45µs or less for the best level of responsiveness. The G70 Pro hits this target.

Trace Testing — PCMark 10 Storage Benchmark

PCMark 10 is an industry standard trace-based benchmark that uses a wide-ranging set of real-world traces from popular applications and everyday tasks to measure the performance of storage devices. The results are particularly useful when analyzing drives for their use as primary/boot storage devices and in work environments.

The G70 Pro does better in PCMark 10, coming in near the top with respectably high bandwidth and low latency. This is very good performance for applications, and the drive would be great as your primary drive even in a workstation. It makes use of the DRAM and eight flash channels to deliver relatively high performance, beating perennial favorites like the Black SN850X. This is likely due to the fact that it uses 232-Layer flash, which is newer than anything the slower drives have.

The Black SN7100 and P310 are DRAM-less with four channels, but they use newer flash of an equivalent generation with newer controllers than the G70 Pro. This goes to show that you don’t need a full-power controller to dominate here, but we caution that this does not reflect edge case performance with a fuller drive or in long-term use.

Console Testing — PlayStation 5 Transfers

The PlayStation 5 is capable of taking one additional PCIe 4.0 or faster SSD for extra game storage. While any 4.0 drive will technically work, Sony recommends drives that can deliver at least 5,500 MB/s of sequential read bandwidth for optimal performance. Based on our extensive testing, PCIe 5.0 SSDs don’t bring much to the table and generally shouldn’t be used in the PS5, especially as they may require additional cooling. Check our Best PS5 SSDs article for more information.

Our testing utilizes the PS5’s internal storage test and manual read/write tests with over 192GB of data, both from and to the internal storage. Throttling is prevented where possible to see how each drive operates under ideal conditions. While game load times should not deviate much from drive to drive, our results can indicate which drives may be more responsive in long-term use.

The G70 Pro performs admirably in the PS5. Would we recommend it? Yes, but with caveats. It’s not a bad choice at 2TB and 4TB, but we would recommend getting the version with a heatsink, if possible. The drive might run toasty without it. We also think you can get DRAM-less drives that will perform nearly the same at a lower cost, that won’t need a heatsink, so factor that into any purchase decision.

Transfer Rates — DiskBench

We use the DiskBench storage benchmarking tool to test file transfer performance with a custom 50GB dataset. We write 31,227 files of various types, such as pictures, PDFs, and videos to the test drive, then make a copy of that data to a new folder, and follow up with a reading test of a newly-written 6.5GB zip file. This is a real-world type workload that fits into the cache of most drives.

Taking a quick look at our DiskBench results, the G70 Pro exhibits no issues. Its copy performance is, in fact, quite good, coming close to the top. To be fair, some of the drives near it are DRAM-less, so they should be less expensive and more power-efficient in practice. That said, if you’re looking for the total package, then the G70 Pro will deliver. We would recommend checking our Write Saturation section to see how these drives measure up with longer transfers.

Synthetic Testing — ATTO / CrystalDiskMark

ATTO and CrystalDiskMark (CDM) are free and easy-to-use storage benchmarking tools that SSD vendors commonly use to assign performance specifications to their products. Both of these tools give us insight into how each device handles different file sizes and at different queue depths for both sequential and random workloads.

Looking at ATTO first, we see a disappointing dip most prominently at 512KiB reads with the G70 Pro. The question is: controller or flash? Possibly a bit of both, as we’ve seen weak performance in ATTO on this controller before, but not all drives have had issues. If we’re comparing the XS70, which uses 512Gb dies with four-plane flash, to the G70 Pro, which has 1Gb dies using six planes, then we consider that the superpage size – this would be the size of all pages open across all dies/planes with at least one per flash channel – is quite different.

Parallelization is necessary to reach the best performance with larger files, and the G70 Pro’s flash crosses a threshold between 512KiB and 1MiB, which might explain this dip. In fact, the flash on the 2TB model would prefer I/O larger than 1MiB. The older XS70, as reviewed, would be happier with less. This is an inevitable trade-off as newer flash technology targets larger dies to reduce price and more planes for higher bandwidth to match new interface speeds.

This difference is reflected to some extent in CDM, where QD1 sequential read for the G70 Pro performance is pretty meh. Give it QD8, though, and it’s on top. Unfortunately, low QD is much more common, especially for large file transfers. Of course, you need another drive to match the speed anyway, and if you’re doing heavier workloads, you might actually push more than QD1 where this drive proves to be quite fast. The bottom line is that some of these drives with less-dense flash – like the Black SN850X – or fewer channels – that would be the P310, Black SN7100, A93, Black Opal NV7400, and GM7 – can do better with QD1 reads. On the other hand, the G70 Pro’s newer flash makes it more responsive with QD1 writes, although this is less impressive for everyday workloads.

The good news is that the 4KB latencies are good, and the 4KB random read latency at QD1 is exceptional. This is a ridiculously responsive drive. It’s a bit strange to have a drive that superficially should push bandwidth turn around and give such excellent latency. The discrepancy, given our above explanation about parallelization, is due in part to the fact that a single 4KB operation is only going to hit one die and plane of flash. This could work in the drive’s favor if you are taking advantage of the right workloads. For random reads, everyday workloads, including games and apps, will be very responsive. For larger transfers, push this drive harder if you’re reading from it to better take advantage of its strengths, or alternatively, use it for random writes as you could do with caching.

Sustained Write Performance and Cache Recovery

Official write specifications are only part of the performance picture. Most SSDs implement a write cache, which is a fast area of pseudo-SLC (single-bit) programmed flash that absorbs incoming data. Sustained write speeds can suffer tremendously once the workload spills outside of the cache and into the "native" TLC (three-bit) or QLC (four-bit) flash. Performance can suffer even more if the drive is forced to fold, the process of migrating data out of the cache in order to free up space for further incoming data.

We use Iometer to hammer the SSD with sequential writes for 15 minutes to measure both the size of the write cache and performance after the cache is saturated. We also monitor cache recovery via multiple idle rounds. This process shows the performance of the drive in various states including the steady state write performance.

The G70 Pro has a small cache, coming in around 50GB with a pSLC write speed of 6.7 GB/s that writes for about 7.5s effectively. We’ve seen caches of this size before, usually chosen to improve “quality of service,” which is a fancy way of saying the manufacturer wants to avoid a performance cliff. 50GB is still relatively large for caching random writes, and random writes are what you want to cache the most, and the absolute size will vary a lot less with drive fill, as it’s not taking up a lot of native flash. This means more consistent write performance. A drive might also use a small cache to hide weak flash – weak as in lower endurance – as the highest-endurance portion of the flash can be used for the cache, if you’re doing big writes like we are here, doing writes straight to the native flash can actually induce less wear in some cases. However, we think TeamGroup is just aiming for consistent performance, with the secondary effect being that they can swap flash if needed.

The drive then writes to native flash at almost 2.8 GB/s for 16 seconds. This flash can write faster than this and, given that the drive is 2TB, it could absolutely write in this state – or the pSLC state, for that matter – for a significantly longer time. The 4TB model should be as fast or faster. Still, this is pretty speedy and matches the consistent write experience we would anticipate from the small cache. On the other hand, it does make us wonder why TeamGroup is being so conservative with it. This controller has had some issues in the past, and this might be a way to mitigate those. If so, we’re on board, as this type of performance profile matches the drive’s overall trend quite well.

This is especially true with folding performance at over 1.35 GB/s – quite fast for that state – and given how small the cache is and how short the drive writes even in native mode, the real steady state is closer to our native flash speed at 2.75 GB/s. This is a very good result and supports our earlier assertion that this drive would be great for certain workloads like caching. TeamGroup likely knows this, and if the drive is more reliable for it, all the better. We think that’s worth knowing if you’re a buyer because the IG5236 controller does carry a somewhat negative reputation under normal circumstances.

Power Consumption and Temperature

We use the Quarch HD Programmable Power Module to gain a deeper understanding of power characteristics. Idle power consumption is an important aspect to consider, especially if you're looking for a laptop upgrade as even the best ultrabooks can have mediocre stock storage in terms of capacity and performance. Desktops are often more performance-oriented with less support for power-saving features so we show the worst-case for idle.

Some SSDs can consume watts of power at idle while better-suited ones sip just milliwatts. Average workload power consumption and max consumption are two other aspects of power consumption but performance-per-watt, or efficiency, is more important. A drive might consume more power during any given workload but accomplishing a task faster allows the drive to drop into an idle state more quickly, ultimately saving energy.

For temperature recording we currently poll the drive’s primary composite sensor during testing with a ~22°C ambient. Our testing is rigorous enough to heat the drive to a realistic ceiling temperature but real-world temperatures will vary due to the environment and workload factors.

All this performance comes at a cost. The G70 Pro is not very efficient, although it’s better than the E18-based drive and comes awfully close to the Black SN850X. For a DRAM-equipped, eight-channel PCIe 4.0 drive, it does okay. If you are looking for a power-efficient drive, this isn’t it, although it could be worse.

The drive reports multiple temperatures, but the one we’re looking at is the highest. It hit a maximum of 71°C in our testing, which is surprisingly good, given that this controller starts to throttle at 90°C. That’s almost at our ideal 20°C of headroom. However, the drive is still putting out a lot of heat, and this is under good conditions with a graphene heatspreader. Running this drive naked in a laptop is inadvisable. We continue to recommend getting the G70 Pro with a heatsink or adding a heatsink to the graphene model – you can even put a heatsink over the graphene label, if necessary – to make for a cooler-running drive.

Test Bench and Testing Notes

We use an Alder Lake platform with most background applications, such as indexing, Windows updates, and anti-virus, disabled in the OS to reduce run-to-run variability. Each SSD is prefilled to 50% capacity and tested as a secondary device. Unless noted, we use active cooling for all SSDs.

TeamGroup G70 Pro Bottom Line

The TeamGroup G70 Pro promises a little bit of everything in a challenging SSD market. DRAM? Check. All the best drives have DRAM, or so people have been led to believe, and that simple inclusion puts the G70 Pro up a notch. Newer flash? Also, check for our sample, 232-Layer rather than 176-Layer, and TLC too. In practice, the difference is small, but if you can get newer flash, you should, and TLC is always preferable to QLC. Cooling? It comes with a graphene heatspreader by default, but has a heatsink SKU for those who want one less thing to worry about. With this combo, the drive delivers excellent random read latency, good potential throughput, and with a heatsink, it shouldn't overheat. Plus, it’s available in a wide range of capacities.

There are some caveats here, however. The drive is not power-efficient, so it is bound to run hot even if it doesn’t throttle. It has DRAM and newer flash, but the controller is the less desirable InnoGrit IG5236, one that’s known to be less reliable. The flash is also YMTC, which indicates to us that you might not always get the same hardware on this model. Performance is good, yes, but it’s not completely consistent across all of our tests. While we like that we can get this from 512GB to 8TB, in reality, you’re only going to find the middle SKUs. The drive is best at 2TB or 4TB, and its pricing at 1TB is average at best. We can live with this as 2TB and 4TB are good places to be, no matter what you use this drive for: primary for your operating system, secondary for games or storage, or in your PS5.

Speaking of what you use it for, the drive’s performance profile means it could make a good caching or NAS drive. We would definitely recommend a heatsink in that role. It’s not perfect for such a workload, but it’s probably going to be better than most of the DRAM-less options that are out there, and it should cost you less than the Black SN850X or 990 Pro. While reliability concerns linger with this controller, we feel like TeamGroup has optimized the firmware and pSLC cache towards a more consistent experience over hitting record numbers. This, in our mind, is a good thing and helps make this drive a potential diamond in the rough.

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A Reddit user shared the 16TB SSD they bought on eBay for less than $30 (EUR 25), which only contained a board and a microSD card hot-glued with some weights to make it feel like a legitimate drive. u/Hartkralle shared their find, saying that they buy from these suspicious listings when they come across them. Since eBay has a robust consumer protection policy, they get their money back while the seller loses their account.

16 TB SSD for only 25€? What could go wrong? from r/pcmasterrace

"I buy one, check if it's legit or not, and if not, [I] report the seller to eBay. I get my money back, and they (the seller) lose [their] account,” u/HarkKralle said in a comment. “If I couldn't ensure that the money would flow back, I wouldn't do it.”

Another Redditor said that they appreciate what the OP was doing, but they were “99.99% positive” that the scammer would have another account in an hour. The OP replied, saying, “Possible, but even that it's an hour they cannot use to scam people and proof/information for more people that scams like this exist.”

Scams like these have been around for decades now. One commenter even added that back in the ‘90s, they used high-quality 60-minute VHS tapes for their work, but one time received cheap, low-quality tapes that could only hold five minutes of footage instead. The sample that u/Hartkralle showed is also relatively low effort. Because of the ongoing memory and chip shortage, we’ve seen exceptionally good clones of Samsung 990 Pro SSDs, one of the best SSDs you can buy today. They have become so sophisticated that the most reliable way of spotting if they’re fake is to check them on CrystalDiskInfo.

One of the downsides of these fake drives is that you won’t get the read and write speeds that you’d expect from a modern SSD. But the bigger issue here is that using them could lead to complete data loss. For example, the fake drive that u/Hartkralle bought reports a capacity of 16TB, but the microSD card inside it is only 60GB. So, if an unsuspecting user transfers more than 60GB of data, they’d end up corrupting everything stored in the drive.

A 2TB Amazon Basics Portable SSD already costs almost $360, while an 8TB SSD from reputable brands like SanDisk, Crucial, or Lexar already hit $850. So, someone who doesn’t follow developments in the tech industry and stumbles across this cheap drive might think they’re getting a steal, when, in reality, they’re the ones being stolen from. Thankfully, eBay’s consumer protection allows people who were scammed, intentionally or otherwise, to get their money back — that is, if they know they were scammed in the first place.

We've seen a lot of dead GPUs around here, some of which have been brought back to life in the most fascinating ways possible — this one we found on the r/SerbiaGaming subreddit is no different. An unlucky gamer found himself a savior when their RTX 3070 died, and a repair shop demanded 12,000 Serbian Dinars, or roughly $120, to repair it. That savior was none other than the OP's own father, who fixed his dead GPU with a salvaged capacitor from an old radio, as you can see in the embedded post below. We reached out to the poster for additional details.

Stara škola električara - najbolja from r/SerbiaGaming

u/External_Length_8877 explained how their GPU died in the first place. It was a pretty easy deduction since they found a capacitor knocked out of place, between the card and the radiator. Fallen capacitors can't just be put back; you need a proper replacement, which in this case would be a 16V, 270 μF hard polymer capacitor, no longer than 3mm.

Since the actual capacitor is not that easy to find in the region, the OP's father came up with a temporary solution instead. His son tells us that, aged 55, Alexander has been working as an electrician and a welder for the past 35 years, so he carries a lifetime of experience with him. Today, he works as a brigadier maintaining power lines in Serbia. His son describes him as a "real family man" who knows how to work on pretty much anything. Apparently, that list includes highly delicate graphics cards as well.

Alexander used a different, cheaper, and larger capacitor to replace its fallen comrade. It sticks out from the card, yet it works. Some people in the comments even said it fits the Gigabyte's variant's futuristic aesthetic, but the capacitor itself isn't suited for long-term usage because of its higher resistance, which would let the clocks run unchecked.

Moreover, the Redditor's father also replaced the old thermal paste with a "special" one that is designed for the high-voltage lines he works on at his job. They replied to a few comments saying the GPU's peak temp during gaming doesn't exceed 80°C. That may sound high, but keep in mind that everyone has different ambient temps. As we mentioned, the new capacitor also has significantly higher resistance than the original one, so perhaps that contributes, too.

Oftentimes, we just have to look inward to find inspiration, and this story is surely serving as bonding material for the Russian father-son duo. OP is still trying to find the right component, so this serves as only a temporary solution to what is a $120 problem otherwise.

When German Gref, chief executive of Sberbank, told Russian state broadcaster Channel One in May that he hoped to run the country's flagship GigaChat AI model on Chinese-made processors, it highlighted how difficult getting access to the global supply chain was for countries like Russia.

Sberbank, Russia’s largest lender and the driving force behind Russia's push into AI, is seeking to secure Chinese chips because Western sanctions continue to block its access to advanced hardware from abroad. Tom’s Hardware’s own reporting suggests the most likely candidate to power Sberbank’s systems is Huawei's Ascend 950 family, the most advanced silicon China currently produces.

Sberbank may well want chips, but getting hold of them from Huawei will be easier said than done. The Chinese chipmaker already has enormous orders to fulfill from ByteDance, Alibaba, and Tencent, with ByteDance alone committing $5.6 billion to the Ascend 950PR earlier this year. Huawei is targeting 750,000 units of that chip in 2026 and expects to earn $12 billion in AI chip revenue throughout this year.

But it highlights how U.S. sanctions are pushing China to develop its own chips, which in turn attract other controversial states. That potentially allows China to extend its reach across an entire parallel supply chain.

A sanctions-busting Sino-Russian alliance

“Economic restrictions are pushing Russia toward Chinese compute solutions,” said Allen Maggard, a senior analyst at C4ADS, the Washington, DC-based global security nonprofit, in comments to Tom’s Hardware Premium. But Russia doesn’t need much pushing, Maggard argued. “I don't see a scenario in which Russia can economically scale its domestic compute capacity using Western solutions alone,” he explained. In part, that’s down to the country’s constrained economy. “Its defence industry can afford Western chips for individual weapon systems – for now – but its civilian tech sector cannot. That leaves China's electronics and computing sectors as Russia's most economical option going forward."

Sberbank is not an isolated case in this way. Tramplin Electronics, a Russian sovereign IT company set up just over a year ago, is already marketing a processor called Irtysh based on a design from China's Loongson Technology. At the same time, Element, Russia's biggest chipmaker, in which Sberbank acquired a 41.9% stake in January, has reportedly begun producing microchips inside China for the Chinese automobile market. “A shift is clearly underway,” Maggard said, “but toward greater mutual access between the Chinese and Russian electronics sectors, probably skewed in China's favour.”

All that adds up to less of a meeting of equals than Russia becoming a dependent customer of a still-developing semiconductor ecosystem – though Maggard points out that under Vladimir Putin, the Kremlin will likely resist a total surrender of sovereignty. “Moscow would certainly prefer, and likely intends, to build a parallel technology bloc with Beijing,” he said.

Are actions backfiring?

The irony is that Western policy, which was designed to try and slow or stymie the development of China and Russia’s high-tech economy, may well have helped manufacture exactly the kind of trading bloc it set out to prevent.

The issue is compounded by uncertainty in Washington DC, where the inhabitant of the White House seemingly can’t decide what he wants from the situation. In the space of 12 months, the Trump administration banned Nvidia's H200, unbanned it, slapped a 25% tariff on it, and created a licensing framework that experts immediately called contradictory. On 13 January, the Commerce Department published a regulation permitting the sale of advanced AI chips to China – a move described by the Council on Foreign Relations as "strategically incoherent" – that, if implemented strictly, would block most exports, but if implemented loosely, would fail to address any of the concerns that motivated the controls in the first place.

Then, a day after the rule cleared Nvidia to sell, Chinese customs officers were reportedly told not to let the chips into the country at all.

China is capitalizing on the chaos. Beijing's drive toward self-sufficiency long predates anything Washington has done, said Mishel Kondi, a senior analyst with C4ADS's Human Security and Conflict Prevention team in comments to Tom’s Hardware Premium. "The PRC announced Made in China 2025 in 2015,” she points out. “That precedes export controls.”

Her analysis of Chinese government documentation over that period shows China has maintained a state-directed strategic priority of breaking from U.S. and friend-shored technologies. “In other words,” she said, “China's goal of building a more self-contained AI chip ecosystem predates U.S. export controls.”

Kondi said that it’s too early to judge whether the export controls are a triumph or a failure. "U.S. export controls have created real challenges for China's compute and limited its ability to scale and innovate," she explained, even as Chinese actors exploit loopholes through university procurement, transshipment via Southeast Asian jurisdictions, and corporate diversion through shell companies in secrecy jurisdictions such as the Cayman Islands. But there is a risk in feeding the beast. “The risks of accelerated domestication grow if China has greater access to advanced chips,” she warned, “and it would be a mistake to interpret that strategy as a response to export controls.” (It’s worth noting that China has reportedly gained access to an EUV machine that it was never meant to get its hands on.)

China’s growing chip dominance

China has been keen to bolster its chip sector for years, and it’s starting to reap dividends. Lisuan Tech – a Shanghai start-up founded in 2021 that nearly went bankrupt in 2024 – has begun shipping the LX 7G100, China's first fully homegrown gaming GPU, built on a 6nm process using an in-house architecture the company calls TrueGPU. It sells for roughly $480. Despite pre-launch claims that it rivaled Nvidia's RTX 4060, it’s still a stage behind Western designs. Independent benchmarks on Bilibili placed it closer to an RTX 3060. But it exists, it is wholly Chinese… and is being sold into a captive domestic market.

Beyond China’s border, the captive market increasingly includes Russia. The Russian market for GPU-based AI accelerators reached 62.7 billion rubles in 2025, according to Russia-based analysts TAdviser, up roughly 20% on the year before. Nvidia-based cards still account for around 84% of sales in volume terms, with the RTX 4060 the single most popular model. Russian customers are increasingly forced to look at Chinese cards as an alternative. Nvidia chips arrive through grey channels routed through China, Turkey, the UAE, and India at a premium.

In late May, the European Commission proposed a nine-month derogation on dealings with Yangzhou Yangjie Electronic, a Chinese chipmaker it had added to its 20th Russia sanctions package barely a month earlier, after EU automakers warned that chip stocks could run dry within weeks. That was because European carmakers needed access to the chips after the Nexperia crisis disrupted supply across the continent. Both Russia and China will have noticed the expediency with which Europe is willing to drop sanctions when needed.

By that point, China may be competing on the global stage. In late May, Huawei said its high-end chips would reach transistor density equivalent to 1.4nm processes within five years, unveiling a "Tau Scaling Law" focused on shortening interconnects and improving data movement rather than shrinking transistors. TSMC plans to begin 1.4nm mass production in 2028, meaning Huawei would still be three years behind, but the gap is closing.

That has experts like Kondi watching on carefully. “The risks of accelerated domestication grow if China has greater access to advanced chips,” she said, “and wider PRC access to these chips also empowers China's defence capabilities and enables it to expand its pervasive and repressive surveillance apparatus.”

AMD continues to squeeze more life out of its AM4 platform as a newly listed prebuilt gaming PC has been spotted powered by the Ryzen 7 4700LE. This OEM-exclusive CPU is based on AMD's Zen 2 (Renoir) architecture, all the way back from 2019, and was silently released by the company back in March 2026. The prebuilt gaming PC featuring the CPU is currently listed by Chinese system integrator Qehi on Amazon with a price tag of $799.99. It additionally comes with an Nvidia RTX 3050 8GB graphics card, 16GB of DDR4 memory, and a 512GB M.2 NVMe SSD in a fish-tank style chassis loaded with six RGB fans.

Glancing over the specifications, the Ryzen 7 4700LE comes with eight cores and 16 threads, along with a maximum boost clock speed of 4.2 GHz. The chip also packs 12MB of total cache and a rated TDP of 65W, meaning that it generates less heat and requires a less demanding cooling solution. This should make it suitable for small form factor builds, although one should note that it does not come with onboard graphics, thus relying on a discrete GPU.

In a similar move, AMD had announced the return of the Ryzen 7 5800X3D last month as a special 10th Anniversary Edition, giving its popular AM4 gaming processor a second lease on life. By doing so, the company not only offered gamers a potent yet affordable CPU amid rising component prices, but it also allowed existing AM4 users to upgrade their CPUs without switching to a whole new platform.

While it won't rival AMD's modern processors, the Ryzen 7 4700LE should still be capable of handling everyday workloads and potentially some modern games when paired with the right GPU. OEMs and system integrators additionally gain benefits by making use of existing AM4 motherboards and DDR4 memory inventory, allowing them to build systems at a much lower cost compared to AM5-based systems. The CPU could also help make entry-level gaming PCs more accessible by giving budget-conscious gamers another option at a time when pricing for components like RAM, SSD, and GPUs continues to rise, thanks to the AI boom.

Intel is working on a version of its Nova Lake-S processor platform codenamed Dunlow that will offer up to 28 cores and will target entry-level server and workstation applications, according to shipment manifests located in the NBD database by @x86deadandback.

Formally, Intel's codenamed Dunlow platform will succeed the company's Catlow platform with Xeon 6300P-series CPUs and will support Xeon E-class Nova Lake-S processors (presumably) with up to 28 cores that feature a dual-channel memory subsystem, come in an LGA1954 form-factor, and have a processor base power of 95W, according to shipments manifests at NBD data.

Intel's next-generation Core Ultra 400-series platforms for desktop computers, codenamed Nova Lake-S, allegedly feature up to 52 cores, which include up to 16 high-performance Coyote Cove cores and up to 32 energy-efficient Arctic Wolf cores in the compute tile, as well as four low-power Arctic Wolf cores presumably in the SoC tile. These Nova Lake-S CPUs are aimed at enthusiasts and reportedly pull up to 474W with a single purpose: to offer unbeatable performance and feature set to put Intel back on the map of enthusiast-grade platforms currently dominated by AMD.

By contrast, the Dunlow platform seems to be a completely different kind of animal. The CPU deliberately features 28 cores and up to 95W PBP (TDP). All Xeon processors except Xeon 6700E, Xeon 6+, and some Atom-based solutions for specialty applications released to date have only featured high-performance cores. Even Intel's Xeon 6300P-series 'Raptor Lake-E' based products feature up to 12 P-cores to offer higher sustained all-core frequencies. Therefore, unless Intel plans to offer energy-efficient cores in its next Xeon CPU aimed at entry-level servers and workstations, we may be dealing with a very special processor that features 28 P-cores that is designed to beat all desktop-grade platforms in demanding applications.

While, for now, 28 P-cores inside Nova Lake-S processors for the Dunlow platform is speculation, it should also be noted that 28 cores do not naturally derive from a 16P+32E desktop design and are impossible to derive from a notebook-grade 8P+16E design. Also, Intel typically does not create server/workstation products by fusing off nearly half a desktop die (it does not even matter whether it disables some P-cores and some E-cores, disabling 20 cores in a 48-core tile hardly makes a lot of sense).

A Nova Lake-S CPU for Dunlow featuring a compute tile with 28 P-cores would resemble the abandoned Raptor Lake-32C, which featured an all-P-core design aimed at workstations and entry servers before being canceled. It is also possible that this could be a derivative of a small Xeon die adapted to an LGA1954 packaging and dual-channel memory to reduce platform costs. At the end of the day, many server applications like storage or web hosting do not need extremely high memory bandwidth, so two DDR5 channels could be enough.

Another reason for Intel to release a Nova Lake-S CPU with up to 28 P-cores is to fill the gap between high-end enthusiast-grade desktops that feature up to 16 P-cores and expensive Xeon 6 server and workstation CPUs that may start at 16 cores, but feature an octa-channel memory subsystem that is costly and is an overkill for many applications. Also note that since Xeon 'Diamond Rapids' processors with an octa-channel memory subsystem have been canceled, the gap between desktop and high-end server CPUs just gets way too wide in 2028, making Nova Lake 28 P-core silicon a potentially viable option.

Nvidia is making a new set of cards, and no, they won't make it among the best graphics cards. The aptly-named GeForce Trading Cards Series 1 are a set of limited edition trading cards that feature graphics cards, games, and tech demos from Nvidia's history, and the company is giving out packs of them for free at upcoming events throughout the summer.

Nvidia shared a short teaser showing off some of the designs, which feature some iconic demos like Nvidia's Chameleon and Medusa demos, along with photos of iconic Nvidia GPUs like the NV 1 and GeForce 3. There are 11 designs in total, including one "checklist card" for keeping track of the cards you've gotten.

The cards feature a black, PCB-like design with a GeForce logo, and the cards are numbered on the front (one card shows 01/11, again pointing to 11 unique designs). On the face of the cards is a border reminiscent of a PCIe connector. Here are all of the designs:

• NV1
• GeForce 256
• GeForce 3
• GeForce 7800 GTX
• GeForce 10 Series
• Bubble, Chameleon, and Medusa demos
• 'The Way It's Meant To Be Played' card
• GeForce RTX 2080 Ti Cyberpunk 2077 Edition

Although there's plenty of money in collectible card games, Nvidia is giving away the GeForce Trading Cards for free. The company says they'll be available at upcoming live events, as well as giveaways throughout the Summer of RTX.

Calling the cards "Series 1" implies Nvidia plans on making more collectible cards in the future, likely as party favors during Summer of RTX, which has become a staple giveaway event over the past several years. There are certainly far more tech demos and GPUs to pull from than what are featured in this short teaser.

Nvidia has yet to update its event calendar on the Summer of RTX page, which is filled with events from the last month, like Computex and Summer Game Fest. Nvidia says it will be giving away packs at Bilibili World, QuakeCon, and Gamescom.

Outside of events, you can keep an eye on the GeForce X account, which has been posting giveaways (amongst plenty of direct GeForce promotions) over the summer. Currently, Nvidia is giving away 10 packs on the GeForce subreddit, as well.

Brown University professor Roberto Serrano suspected that his students were cheating when he gave them a take-home midterm exam, so he decided to make the final exam in-person. According to Inside Higher Ed, out of the 86 students enrolled in his class, 18 dropped from the class after he made the announcement, and nine skipped the final exam. Out of the 59 remaining students, three scored zero, and only two students received a grade that’s within 10% of their midterm score, with only one of them performing better in the finals.

Prof. Serrano, who taught Welfare Economics and Social Choice Theory (Econ 1170), usually conducted in-person exams for his class. However, the mass shooting on university grounds that happened last December made many students anxious about staying in classrooms, so he thought that it was just appropriate to let them take home exams. When news spread that the professor had such an arrangement, enrollment for his class ballooned to 86 students — more than double the usual 30 that he teaches in a particular semester.

The first sign of trouble came when he gave the take-home midterm exams. “Historically the average grade in the midterm of this course has ranged between 65 and 80 [percent], and this exam was harder than the exams I wrote in the past, because … take-home is an opportunity to challenge the class a little bit more, given that you’re giving the students unlimited time,” Serrano said, according to the publication. But this time, his class scored an average of 96%.

While some of the students might argue that he just happened to have a particularly gifted set of students this semester, the professor said that most of the answers were “kind of correct, but very off, and with a very convoluted style.” While they were technically correct, Serrano suspected that they were sourced from AI, especially after he ran the test through ChatGPT and received similar results.

Because of this, he emailed the class telling them about his suspicions — he made the final exam in-person and said that if the distribution is similar to the midterm exams, then he would count it towards their final grade. Otherwise, the midterms are void, and he’ll “reweigh the final accordingly.” But, as the data showed, it seemed that the majority of the class used AI during the midterm exams.

Prof. Serrano raised the issue with the university’s Standing Committee on the Academic Code, but it seemed that it didn’t take action until the story broke. Now, it seems that the university is going to review each case individually. In the meantime, Serrano is worried about the future. “We cannot afford to have a society in which a significant fraction of our best young minds think that cheating is OK,” the professor said to Inside Higher Ed. “That leads to a declining society, to a failed society … We cannot choose to become idiots.”

Nvidia and Sega have scheduled an event next week to celebrate their history and longstanding friendship. The invitation-only shindig takes place at GiGO Akihabara, Tokyo (you can apply via Twitter/X). Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang will star at the July 15 event, officially unveiling the RTX Spark for the first time in Japan. Attendees will also get a chance to win a GeForce RTX 5090 FE in a raffle.

If you will be in Tokyo on July 15, it might be worth pitching for an invite, and if you’re exceptionally lucky, you might visit the event, then go home with one of the best graphics cards available in 2026. The GeForce Japan social media managers are asking for comments that encapsulate 'memories of Nvidia or Sega' with photos, videos, anecdotes,” and so on (machine translation). You have until sometime on July 12 to concoct your invitation pitch. Remember, Japan time is about half a day ahead of the mainland US time zones.

Though it is clearly spelled out what the Nvidia side of the celebration will present on the day (the RTX Spark and a raffle RTX 5090 FE), no such specific teases have come from the Sega camp.

The lack of any teaser might make you think that Sega isn’t going to reveal anything new at the event, or conversely that something big is on the horizon. But if Sega were to pull a hardware surprise out of the bag, it could make quite a splash.

The Japanese gaming icon exited the console race back in 2001, when it ceased production of the Dreamcast. However, it released rehashed mini consoles like the Genesis Mini and Game Gear Micro at the beginning of the 2020s. More recently, some Mini Arcades (like Sonic, OutRun, and Golden Axe) have been released in partnership with MyArcade. It would be great if Sega could do something ambitious again, or even come out with a mini console capable of handling Saturn or Dreamcast titles. With some kind of lightgun support, please.

Nvidia and Sega – an enduring bond

As mentioned in the intro, Nvidia and Sega are old buddies. Nvidia nearly collapsed in 1996, just three years after its founding, and only the belief and generosity of a senior Sega executive at the time saved Nvidia from the graveyard. This is according to Huang’s recollections of a very difficult time for Nvidia, shared in interviews in 2024.

The story goes that Nvidia’s work to design a GPU for a next-gen Sega console fell through largely due to incompatibility with the emerging DirectX API. Sega’s management appreciated the efforts, though, and believed in young Mr. Huang enough to invest $5M in the green team. This investment gave Nvidia the breathing room to pivot from its previous graphics architecture and come out with the DirectX-friendly RIVA line (1997), followed by the unstoppable GeForce series (1999).

Of the many sizes and shapes the best gaming monitors come in, the 34-inch ultra-wide 21:9 screen strikes a good balance between size and player immersion. It’s wider than the 32-inch 16:9 format but not as large as extreme displays like the 52-inch LG I reviewed recently.

What makes them even better is QD-OLED technology, and there, Alienware is offering a nice update to last year’s AW3425DW. It’s the AW3426DW, and it brings a few new features, like a five-layer tandem OLED for higher light output, V-stripe RGB sub-pixels for sharper rendering, a bump from 240 to 280 Hz, and a new anti-reflective screen coating. It’s still WQHD 3440x1440 pixels, and it still offers Adaptive-Sync, HDR10, and wide gamut color, and adds Dolby Vision to its list of supported content. Let’s take a look.

Alienware AW3426DW Specs

The AW3426DW’s Tandem OLED is a new variant of the technology that takes the simple approach of stacking multiple OLED layers for greater light output with less energy consumption. It also taxes the layers less, so they last longer and are more resistant to burn-in. Alienware backs this with a three-year warranty that includes burn-in. The screen has a 34-inch diagonal, a 21:9 aspect ratio, a 1800mm curve radius, and WQHD (3440x1440) resolution.

V-Stripe RGB refers to the sub-pixel layout, which is finer and more precisely applied. This makes fine text and detail sharper by reducing color fringing. With its five OLED layers, the AW3426DW now boasts higher light output than last year’s model. The VESA DisplayHDR rating is now 500 nits for a full white field and 1,300 nits for a 3% window. To cap off the imaging improvements, there’s a new anti-glare coating applied to the screen that further deepens black levels and more effectively rejects ambient light.

With 280 Hz instead of last year’s 240, the AW3426DW is a tad speedier, and my test results, which you’ll see on the next page, show a nice drop in input lag. Panel response is typical OLED-quick, resulting in perfect motion resolution and smooth action free of motion blur. Adaptive-Sync is also supported on both Nvidia and AMD platforms.

It’s no surprise that the AW3426DW supports HDR10, but now it adds Dolby Vision to the mix. The benefits of its dynamic tone mapping cannot be understated. HDR10’s tone mapping is fixed to the content metadata, which usually has a peak of 1,000 nits. If a display can’t hit 1,000 nits, or its output exceeds that, it must tone map to render all brightness steps. Dolby Vision controls this process within the content and always knows the display's actual output level. Bottom line: it’s more accurate and consistent, and it looks better. It’s a difference you can plainly see. Dolby Vision isn’t common in games, but it is common from streaming services like Netflix, HBO Max, and Disney+.

All other features of the AW3425DW carry over to the AW3426DW, like AlienVision and its cool aiming point/sniper mode editor. You also get USB ports and a backlit Alienware logo on the back. There’s no headphone jack or internal speaker, but the downstream USB-A and USB-C ports are on the bottom edge of the panel, where they are within easy reach. Video inputs include two HDMI and a DisplayPort.

Assembly and Accessories

The AW3426DW arrived in secure molded pulp packaging that is completely recyclable. The base, upright, and panel assemble easily with no tools needed. The power supply is internal, so you get IEC power plus HDMI, DisplayPort, and USB cables. A small microfiber cloth is provided to keep that beautiful screen free of dust and fingerprints.

Product 360

The AW3426DW maintains the aesthetic Alienware introduced last year with softly rounded corners and smooth tapers. My favorite bit is where the upright and base meet; the joint appears to float with a slender swivel point that’s barely visible. In the back is a backlit Alienware head and a polished symbol; “Alienware 30” is the official term. The head can light up with different colors and effects. A subtle vent rings the fulcrum with small perforations that keep the internals cool. A graphite layer behind the OLEDs further cools the screen.

The side photo affords a good view of the rounded aesthetic. The stand has no angles or corners at all, just a small cable hole to keep wiring tidy. Ergonomics include a 5/21-degree tilt and a 20-degree swivel. The height range is 4.4 inches, and there is no portrait mode. Movements are firm and free of play. Build quality is premium in every respect. If you’d rather not use the stand, there is a 100mm VESA mount with fasteners included.

Underneath, you’ll find a small I/O panel with two HDMI 2.1 ports and a DisplayPort 1.4 with Display Stream Compression (DSC). A USB upstream port supports the two downstream jacks on the panel’s edge. You get a USB Type-A and Type-C. The Type-C port supports charging and peripherals, but not video. In the center, you can see the OSD joystick that controls all monitor functions.

OSD Features

Pressing the AW3426DW’s joystick opens a quick menu at the bottom of the screen with a large status bar at the top. It shows input signal info along with the current picture mode, HDR status, panel health, and dark stabilizer setting. The quick menu has five icons that scroll left to right. They can be programmed for many different monitor functions, such as brightness/contrast, input, AlienVision, HDR, and others. Clicking the joystick up opens the full OSD.

In the Game menu, you can choose from 13 picture modes. Standard works well by default and does not require calibration if you’re OK with using the full color gamut in SDR mode. It covers 105% of DCI-P3. If you want to make adjustments, select Custom Color, where you get RGB gain/bias and color management. To access sRGB, there’s a Creator mode with a gamut selector and gamma presets.

Game Enhance Mode contains a timer, frame counter, and alignment marks, but where are the aiming points? That’s one of the coolest features of the AW3426DW, it’s called AlienVision, and it is a completely customizable set of reticles and sniper modes, eight parameters in all, that can be edited and combined in hundreds of ways to create a custom view of the game environment. Once configured, there are three memories so you can have setups for different games.

In the AlienFX Lighting menu, you can customize the behavior of the power button and the Alienware head on the back. There are lots of color and effect options, and you can turn on Aurora, which coordinates the lights with what’s happening on screen. You’ll need Alienware Command Center and a USB connection to make that happen.

The Display menu has seven HDR modes for HDR10 content, including a tweakable Custom Color option. I found decent accuracy in both Desktop and HDR Peak 1300 Bright modes. I’ll tell you more about that on page five. You can also toggle Dolby Vision on and off here.

The AW3426DW includes PIP and PBP with options for window size and position. In Personalize, you can specify the functions of the five quick menu icons and the four joystick directions. This makes it easy to quickly change something like the input or the picture mode.

OLED care is much simpler now than in previous models. Functions like logo detection and pixel orbiting are handled automatically by the AW3426DW’s firmware. The only thing you can do manually is pixel refresh. This menu also has a factory reset option. In the Information menu, you’ll find an 11-page calibration report for each monitor, along with signal information and support resources.

Alienware AW3426DW Calibration Settings

Calibrating the AW3426DW is completely unnecessary. Just leave it in the default Standard mode and set brightness to taste. There is no variable brightness for SDR, so only one value is needed. If you want to calibrate, choose Custom Color. It has RGB gain and bias, plus hue and saturation sliders for each color. To change the gamut, use Creator mode. It lets you specify sRGB or P3 and includes five gamma presets. In the three Game modes, you can also adjust color and specify a custom value for the dark stabilizer. My SDR settings are included below.

For HDR content, there are seven more modes. Desktop is the default and is similar to HDR Peak 1300 Bright in its color and luminance tracking. The latter delivers the brightest highlights and the most vivid color.

Gaming and Hands-on

I suspect that some readers here will be wondering if the AW3426DW is a worthwhile upgrade over the AW3425DW. After several days of gaming and working, I will say that it is. HDR is brighter, and the new panel with its V-Strip RGB pixel structure is clearer than before. It’s hard to quantify this since OLEDs are sharp by nature, but the AW3426DW does make an incremental improvement. Brighter HDR certainly makes an impact with highlights that pop and a dimensional quality that no premium Mini LED can match.

Color accuracy is superb both out of the box and after calibration, where I changed just two settings, one click each. The AW3426DW is truly factory-calibrated. It equals any professional monitor in terms of measured performance and image fidelity.

Gaming was an addictive experience, as it is with any fast OLED. The smooth motion that comes with panel response, measured in fractions of a millisecond, is something you can’t get from an LCD. An OLED draws the screen about 10 times faster than an LCD with an equal refresh rate. The AW3426DW’s bump to 280 Hz is also a reason to upgrade. It reduces my input lag by 4ms in my test. Could I spot that difference in gameplay? No, but I’m not a competition gamer either. Those looking for every advantage will want to give this monitor an audition.

The 34-inch curved panel proved useful for both work and entertainment. It’s just large enough for me to display two documents side by side. It requires a bit more scrolling than my 16:9 32-inch screen, but the 1800R curve isn’t too severe. There was no image distortion, but I got a nice wraparound effect when navigating first-person shooters and graphical adventures.

I appreciated the inclusion of USB ports, especially the two located on the bottom edge of the panel. It’s easy to plug in peripherals or charge a phone from the USB-C port. But I missed the 3.5mm headphone jack. And there are no internal speakers, so to get audio, you’ll need USB-capable headphones or a desktop amplifier if you want to drive cabinet speakers. And I enjoyed the AlienFX feature with its glowing Alien head. It played colors off the wall behind my desk.

Takeaway: The AW3426DW is a worthy upgrade from the AW3425DW. It’s quicker and brighter, and the image is a tad sharper than before. Input lag is lower as well, which will appeal to skilled gamers looking for every possible advantage. Color is saturated and vivid with accuracy good enough to use right out of the box. The screen’s curve strikes an ideal balance between immersion and a square image.

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To compare the AW3426DW’s performance, I’ve included its predecessor, the AW3425DW, along with Asus’ PG34WCDN, Acer’s X34 OLED, AOC’s AG346UCD, and Gigabyte’s MO34WQC2. The response chart is a different group of OLEDs owing to my recent acquisition of the Nvidia LDAT tester. It includes Acer’s X27 X1, ViewSonic’s VX2738-2K, MSI’s MPG 322UR X24, Asus PG34WCDN, and Alienware’s AW2726DM.

Pixel Response and Input Lag

Click here to read up on our pixel response and input lag testing procedures.

OLED panel response times are extremely tight, and in practice, you’re unlikely to see a difference unless frame rates are low. A panel like the AW3426DW, with its 0.24ms draw time, will retain smooth motion resolution down to about 160 fps. A faster panel like the Acer can maintain blur-free operation up to around 140 fps. If your video card can keep the action above 200 Hz, all the panels will perform equally from a visual standpoint.

In the lag test, the AW3426DW is among the fastest panels I’ve tested. The Asus is an extreme overachiever. Only a couple of other monitors can approach 10ms in my test. 14.1ms is very fast, more than enough for pro-level competition. And it’s a tad quicker than last year’s AW3425DW. Most gamers will be satisfied with the AOC and Gigabyte screens at 22ms. Remember that the fastest human reaction time is typically around 100ms.

Test Takeaway: The AW3426DW improves slightly over its predecessor, with nearly 4ms less input lag. Its panel response is on par with the other fast OLEDs I’ve tested. Motion resolution is extremely high, with moving objects rendering blur-free. It is fast and smooth enough for pro-level competition.

Viewing Angles

Most Quantum Dot OLEDs show a slight tint in 45-degree-angle photos, but the AW3426DW’s tandem OLED tech seems to have eliminated that issue. There is no change to gamma or brightness either. This is about as good as it can possibly be. Viewing angles up to 45 degrees are visually perfect. The top view has a slight red shift with a 10% brightness drop and reduced gamma.

Screen Uniformity

To learn how we measure screen uniformity, click here.

Fittingly, the AW3426DW aces my uniformity test and is bested only by its predecessor, the AW3425DW. Visually, there is no difference here. You won’t see any variation among these screens, as they are all below the visible threshold of 10%. It doesn’t get better than that.

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To read about our monitor tests in-depth, please check out Display Testing Explained: How We Test PC Monitors. We cover brightness and contrast testing on page two.

Uncalibrated – Maximum Backlight Level

The AW3426DW is a bit brighter than last year, with over 320 nits peak for SDR. That’s from a full field white pattern. There is no variable brightness option, so you’ll see the same number from smaller windows and highlights in actual content. This does not reduce the impact of OLED’s infinite contrast and its unmeasurable black levels. The new anti-glare layer and five-layer Tandem OLED are said to lower black levels, but to the naked eye, they were already as black as black gets.

After Calibration to 200 nits

Calibration doesn’t change the black level or contrast result. It still cannot be measured. You’ll only need one brightness value since there’s no variable option. That comes into play for HDR content, though. ANSI, or intra-image contrast, also cannot be measured.

Test Takeaway: The AW3426DW offers the same black level and contrast performance as any OLED. That said, its new anti-glare layer offers better light rejection, which improves the perception of blacks in environments with medium to high ambient light levels. That is a visual observation that I cannot measure with instruments. One point in favor of upgrading your AW3425DW to an AW3426DW is the extra 60 nits of peak brightness it offers.

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The AW3426DW came to me set to Standard picture mode, which, as you’ll see, does not need calibration. There is an 11-page report stored in each sample’s firmware that you can read from the OSD. My tests confirmed that it is indeed calibrated at the factory.

Grayscale and Gamma Tracking

Our grayscale and gamma tests use Calman calibration software from Portrait Displays. We describe our grayscale and gamma tests in detail here.

If I were just going to put the AW3426DW on my desk and use it for gaming and productivity, I would not bother with adjustments. The first chart shows that it has no grayscale errors above 2dE, and the gamma is slightly dark but very close to the 2.2 reference. This is impressive out-of-box performance.

In the Custom Color mode, you get RGB gain and bias sliders. I didn’t have to touch the bias, but I lowered red and green gain by one click each. The result was all errors below 0.5dE and a slightly tighter gamma. The visual difference is extremely small, but if you have the desire and the means, why not? This is a superlative performance.

The Creator sRGB mode has very accurate grayscale, but gamma is a tad wonky. It’s too light at 10%, making the shadow areas less black. And there’s a rise between 60 and 80%, which takes a bit of definition out of the brighter mid-tones. This is a minor error, but it would be nice to have tighter gamma. You can change the preset, but you can’t alter the curve’s shape.

Comparisons

Though the AW3426DW impresses with a 1.46dE default grayscale score, it is slightly bested by its predecessor and by the Gigabyte. These numbers are more like talking points as the visual difference can’t be seen with the naked eye. But I am here to be precise in my testing.

Calibration takes the AW3426DW down to 0.44dE, but again, it is pipped by the AW3425DW by 0.01dE. Yes, that is a hair at best. All the monitors here test extremely well.

Gamma performance is excellent but middling by comparison. The range of values is very tight at 0.08 from lowest to highest. The deviation is 2.73% with an actual average of 2.26. This is excellent performance.

Color Gamut Accuracy

Our color gamut and volume testing use Portrait Displays’ Calman software. For details on our color gamut testing and volume calculations, click here.

The color test result clearly shows the advantage of Quantum Dot technology. The AW3426DW fully covers all primaries, including green with slight oversaturation at all points. This means the picture will be very colorful but also well-balanced. Calibration barely makes a difference, but you can see slightly better hue tracking in cyan, magenta, and yellow.

The sRGB chart is very good overall, but with some slight undersaturation in the midrange red tones. This is an extremely small error. The AW3426DW is qualified for color-critical applications.

Comparisons

The color difference between all six monitors is extremely small. From an error standpoint, there is no visible difference. The only variation comes in the volume test, where the AW3426DW sits at the bottom of the Quantum Dot screens. It has about 1.5% less color volume than the AW3425DW, which is an invisible difference. The AOC and Gigabyte screens have a touch more green and red, but you’ll only see that in the brightest content. For everyday games, videos, and applications, all six monitors will look the same.

Test Takeaway: The AW3426DW has exemplary out-of-box color, grayscale, and gamma accuracy. It does not need calibration, but a couple of tweaks generated awesome numbers in my tests. Its color volume is on par with other Quantum Dot screens at a hair shy of 105% of DCI-P3. No one would complain about its colorful and clear image.

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Our HDR benchmarking uses Portrait Displays’ Calman software. To learn about our HDR testing, see our breakdown of how we test PC monitors.

The AW3426DW offers higher brightness than its predecessor for both SDR and HDR content. It’s rated for 1,300 nits from a 3% window and certified by VESA for DisplayHDR 500. HDR10 signals get seven specific modes, and it supports Dolby Vision.

HDR Brightness and Contrast

For my tests, I measured HDR10 performance and noted a 70-nit higher peak for the AW3426DW over the AW3425DW. This is from a 25% window pattern. A 3% window is claimed at 1,300 nits, and this result leaves no reason for doubt. The AW3426DW is definitely brighter than before, and its HDR is more impactful. Variable brightness is in play here and cannot be turned off, not that you’d want to. This is excellent performance.

Grayscale, EOTF and Color

I measured the Desktop and HDR Peak 1300 Bright modes and got similar color and grayscale results. There are no visible errors in the first chart, and EOTF tracking is solid. The trace starts a tad dark, but I could still see all the steps in a test pattern. Shadow detail is clear and visible in all cases. The tone map transition is at 65%, which is correct for the measured white and black thresholds.

In the color gamut test, the AW3426DW uses all available coverage with extra saturation for P3 and almost 80% coverage of BT.2020. All points are slightly oversaturated, which is typical of the HDR monitors I’ve tested. They all push the envelope for extra impact, and it is effective. In the BT.2020 chart, the AW3426DW runs out of color at 90% red, 75% green, and 95% blue.

Test Takeaway: The AW3426DW presents a stunning HDR image with deep blacks and very bright highlights. It is a clear improvement over the AW3425DW. If you enjoy a lot of HDR content, it’s a worthwhile upgrade. Color and grayscale are very accurate in both Desktop and Peak 1300 modes.

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The benefits of 34-inch 21:9 curved gaming monitors are many when compared to the vast array of sizes and shapes currently available. Play is enhanced by a screen that mimics VR headsets by encompassing the viewer’s peripheral vision. And this size doesn’t have a huge footprint. While jumbo screens are cool, they demand a larger desktop and can be costly. The AW3426DW strikes a good balance between usability, performance and cost. At this writing, it’s brand new to the market with an opening price of $800, the same as last year’s AW3425DW.

The AW3426DW offers several compelling reasons to upgrade. It’s brighter for both SDR and HDR content by around 60 and 70 nits, respectively. It also boasts much brighter small highlights for HDR, around 1,300 nits for a 3% window. This is thanks to its new five-layer Tandem OLED tech. Color remains vivid, with 105% DCI-P3 coverage from its Quantum Dot layer.

Speed has increased from 240 to 280 Hz, and that brings with it a 4ms drop in input lag, about 22%. That will be worthwhile to the most skilled gamers who want every possible advantage. The new anti-glare coating helps keep the image solid in bright rooms. And the V-Stripe RGB sub-pixel layout sharpens fine detail and text better as well.

At $800, the AW3426DW is a solid value among OLED gaming monitors. If you already own an AW3425DW, it’s worth upgrading for the improvements in speed, brightness and clarity. If you’re looking for your first OLED, it’s a great choice for all-around use, work, and play that is worth checking out.

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A high-spec gaming monitor at a budget-friendly price could be yours, if you're quick. Amazon has dropped this 27-inch Samsung Odyssey G53F display down in price to just $169.99, setting you up with a display that's ready for high-end gaming at 1440p.

● Check out this deal on Amazon

It hasn't been this cheap in some time, according to Camelcamelcamel's data, with a price rising as high as $249.99 just one month ago. The saving here makes this a really affordable option for gamers who want a display from a trusted brand without compromising on specs. This Samsung Odyssey G53F monitor comes with an IPS panel, offering a 1440p top display resolution and a 200Hz refresh rate.

The refresh rate is an important point to mention for gaming, as this will ensure that you can play games at a high enough refresh rate without screen tearing, as long as your GPU is capable enough.

IPS panels, like the one in this Samsung display, are typically good all-rounders, as they offer the best viewing angles compared to (now cheaper) VA and TN rivals. The 1440p resolution means you can set your in-game resolutions to as high as 2,560 x 1,440, but this is a 27-inch monitor, meaning you'll have a higher pixel density at 1440p on this display than a bigger 32-inch alternative, giving you much sharper visuals overall.

If you're upgrading from 1080p, you'll notice a big difference in the quality of your graphics, and HDR10 support means you can enable HDR in-game for deeper contrast levels and more vivid colors. This display also supports AMD FreeSync Premium, a functionality that will allow you to completely eliminate screen tearing by syncing the monitor's refresh rate up to the GPU's frame rate output. Nvidia G-Sync support isn't officially mentioned, but it does often work with FreeSync-enabled displays, although it isn't something that we can guarantee will work here.

The G53F is a worthy upgrade for a PC, but it has one HDMI 2.0 and one DisplayPort 1.4 connection available, so you could hook it up to an extra laptop, handheld, or game console. It has auto-source switching functionality, too, which means that the monitor will automatically change inputs when a new device is plugged in or switched on, making it easier to use with multiple devices.

The $169.99 sale price for the Samsung Odyssey G53F gaming monitor on sale here is a good option. It's a 1440p monitor from a known and trusted brand with a high refresh rate, making it ideal for a budget-friendly modern gaming rig. This 32% discount might not be around for long, however, so make sure to pick it up before the sale runs out.

If you're looking for more savings, check out our Best PC Hardware deals for a range of products, or dive deeper into our specialized SSD and Storage Deals, Hard Drive Deals, Gaming Monitor Deals, Graphics Card Deals, Gaming Chair, Best Wi-Fi Routers, Best Motherboard, or CPU Deals pages.

You can also join the Tom's Hardware deals Discord for up-to-the-minute hardware deals.

AMD is expected to announce its next-gen mobile CPUs at CES 2027, but leaks have already started to pour in, giving us a decent idea of the performance we can expect. Codenamed "Medusa Point," the Red Team's upcoming lineup will likely be based on the Zen 6 microarchitecture, and one of the SKUs has just popped up on Geekbench. It scored much better than the previous leak, beating most of its contemporaries.

The part showed up as "AMD Eng Sample 100-000001713-33_N" and was marked under "AMD Plum-MDS1," which we know is the platform associated with Medusa Point. It's a 10-core (4+6) chip, with 20 threads, clocked at roughly 2.0 GHz, carrying 10MB of L2 cache and 32MB of L3 cache. The L3 cache and clock speeds might be misreported. Currently, AMD only makes two other 10-core mobile parts — Ryzen AI 9 365 and Ryzen AI 9 465, so we're most likely looking at a purported Ryzen AI 9 565 here.

Coming to the scores, the chip netted 3,174 points in the single-core test and 15,092 points in the multi-core test. Both of those numbers are higher than the Strix Point flagship APU, the Ryzen AI 9 HX 370. On average, that SKU sits around 2,600 single-core points, so the Medusa Point score is 22% higher. In multi-core, the AI 9 HX 370 gets 13,400 points, making our main contender 13% faster on average.

It even beats the Strix Halo flagship, the Ryzen AI 9 Max+ 395, by over 400 points in the single-core benchmark, but loses in the multi-core test. Of course, the onboard graphics is no comparison between the two. Compared to a prior leak also showcasing a 10-core Medusa Point APU, this new listing is significantly better. The previous one came in at only 2,300 single-core and 13,002 multi-core points.

It seems like Zen 6 offers a noticeable leap in performance based on architectural improvements, since the core count between the chips we compared is identical. It's too early to judge anything, though, since Medusa Point is months away at this point, and this is just one SKU from the lineup. The top-end parts almost carry a mandate to be faster than their direct predecessor to be even worth releasing; it's the midrange where the real value proposition lies.

Elon Musk has received the go-ahead from the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to acquire Mesh Optical Technologies, an AI infrastructure startup that develops light-based networking hardware for data centers. Records published by the FTC on June 25 show that the regulatory body granted early termination of its antitrust review of the transaction, permitting Musk to procure Mesh. While the deal is yet to be finalized, with no official statement from either party, the government's green light indicates it’s all but done, as this was the last hurdle.

Interestingly, Mesh was founded by three former SpaceX employees who helped develop the Starlink optical communication links that keep thousands of satellites interconnected. So, why is Musk — who is simultaneously building the world's largest multibillion-dollar semiconductor manufacturing facility and an 11-million-square-foot orbital data center factory — seeking to own a company founded by his former employees? The answer appears to be optical interconnects, a critical technology that connects all three.

The connection problem: AI's latest bottleneck

As AI continues to grow in capability and user base, so do the enabling AI clusters, many of which now comprise tens to hundreds of thousands of processors. The hardest problem in scaling an AI cluster has evolved beyond making the chips faster to moving data between them. Training and inference tasks on frontier AI models are split across thousands of GPUs using parallel-computing techniques, requiring the processors to exchange enormous volumes of data every fraction of a second.

While per-chip compute capacity has raced ahead, the bandwidth linking those chips has not kept pace, a mismatch the industry refers to as the "I/O wall." The processors mostly communicate via copper interconnects, which currently dominate AI clusters. However, copper presents inherent limitations. As per-lane signaling climbs toward 200 gigabits per second (Gbps), attenuation, crosstalk, and the skin effect all worsen at higher frequencies, driving up power and corrupting the signal until passive copper becomes impractical beyond a meter or two.

To overcome these constraints, the industry is increasingly turning to optical networking, bringing the technology closer to the processor. Optical links use transceivers to convert a chip's electrical signals into light for transmission over fiber, then convert them back into electrical signals at the receiving end. They can carry far more data over much longer distances while consuming less power than equivalent high-speed copper connections, making them increasingly essential as AI clusters grow larger. Chipmakers and networking vendors are racing to deliver faster 800G and 1.6T optical transceivers while shortening electrical paths with co-packaged optics, which place the optical engine alongside the switch ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit).

This shift has transformed optical interconnects from a supporting technology into one of the industry's most strategically important AI infrastructure markets, attracting billions of dollars in investments and resulting in major partnerships for new and existing industry players. One such player is Mesh, the optical hardware startup that has drawn the interest of the world’s richest man.

A mesh solution to Musk’s ambition?

Elon Musk has been one of the most aggressive players in the AI industry. After co-founding OpenAI, he went on to launch a proprietary company, xAI, before turning his focus to building data centers. In less than two years, xAI deployed the Colossus supercomputer with over 200,000 Nvidia Hopper- and Blackwell-generation accelerators. Colossus 2, with a long-term target of 1 million GPUs, is already operational. For Musk, however, buying the chips was not enough. Why not build them, too?

Characteristic of the world's richest man’s preference for complete vertical integration, SpaceX — in collaboration with Tesla and xAI — is now building Terafab, a vertically integrated, multi-billion-dollar semiconductor manufacturing facility aimed at producing chips capable of delivering an unprecedented over 1 terawatt of AI compute capacity annually. Located in Austin, Texas, the colossal facility aims to consolidate every stage of chip production under one roof, handling everything from logic and memory fabrication to advanced packaging and testing. An ambitious project that we've also analyzed for its feasibility.

The facility's output will serve to meet the chip needs of the broader AI industry, as well as those of Musk’s xAI, self-driving vehicles, Optimus humanoid robots, and SpaceX's orbital AI data center plans. Musk says 80% of Terafab's total compute output is ultimately destined for Earth orbit to support SpaceX's orbital data centers.

“But there aren't any data centers floating around in space,” observers may point out. Introducing Gigasat, Musk's 11-million-square-foot fix for that reality. Gigasat is yet another massive facility under construction, this time for manufacturing everything needed for SpaceX’s AI1 satellite, the company's most likely world-first orbital data center with 150 kW of compute.

At first glance, everything seems in place for the next generation of Ultra-capable AI infrastructure. However, there is one critical missing piece in this stack, one that we've established earlier. Hundreds of gigawatts of extremely powerful silicon are not particularly useful if the data can't move between the dies fast enough in AI clusters, whether on the ground or in space. The industry-prevalent copper hits a wall long before you reach the scale Musk is chasing. Hence, the need for the missing piece: optical interconnects.

This brings us to Mesh, a manufacturer of precisely that missing piece. Mesh Optical Technologies is a US optical communications startup that develops high-speed optical interconnect hardware — optical transceivers that convert a chip's electrical signals into light for high-speed transmission over fiber — for AI data centers and space communications.

Its flagship product, the Alpha C1, supports 800G and 1.6T data rates and reportedly draws about a third of the power of competing modules, using a flip-chip die-bonding process the company says makes the optical engine repeatable at the volume — potentially millions of links — that AI clusters demand.

These are the characteristics needed to seamlessly interconnect the next-generation terrestrial AI supercomputers and, potentially, future space-based computing platforms, which Terafab aims to deliver. An added benefit is the space-related experience of the three Mesh founders, who happen to be ex-SpaceX employees who helped build the laser-based inter-satellite links that connect Starlink's constellation.

Again, in typical Musk fashion, rather than simply buying the hardware, he is moving to acquire the entire company, gaining full control of its R&D and supply chain. Should the deal — which is all but done — go through, Musk will own the full stack of critical infrastructure needed to power the future of the AI industry.

Smart money is flowing to optical interconnects

The SpaceX ecosystem is just one of many entities that recognize the immense technical and economic importance of optical networking in AI. AI chipmakers are actively investing in the optical supply chain to secure manufacturing capacity and prevent hardware bottlenecks.

Nvidia alone has committed a reported $4 billion across component makers Coherent and Lumentum to lock up supply. Elsewhere, several hyperscalers, including Microsoft, Meta, and OpenAI, have teamed up with hardware giants Broadcom, AMD, and Nvidia to establish an Optical Compute Interconnect (OCI) Multi-Source Agreement (MSA) group, with the goal of developing protocol-agnostic scale-up interconnection technology for AI clusters.

To counter chipmakers' dominance, entities such as Japan's NTT established the $500 million IOWN (Innovative Optical and Wireless Network) Fund. This fund explicitly targets the creation of an open photonic ecosystem to accelerate the global transition from copper to light-based AI clusters.

Then there are the smart-money moves by investors, as well as the rising balance sheets of companies. Lumentum stock reportedly soared 339% in 2025 and delivered an additional 135.4% return in the first five months of 2026 alone, while Fabrinet, Cisco, and Coherent all recorded significant revenue surges attributable to optical hardware sales, meaning that Musk's move to acquire Mesh is extremely prescient, given Terafab's ambition.

Ever since the advent of agentic AI, security researchers have been yelling from the top of their lungs about how it's a bad idea to grant user-level permissions to an LLM — for all purposes, a program with non-deterministic outputs and inconsistent handling of inputs. A research paper on HalluSquatting from researchers at Tel Aviv University, Technion, and Intuit, shows how easily one can fool modern AI bots and harness them into a massive army of AI agents, with the research showing that agents can hallucinate potentially malicious code repositories up to 85% of the time.

The mechanism for HalluSquatting (aka "adversarial hallucination squatting") is surprisingly simple, and takes advantage of the fact that when met with unfamiliar terms, bots will not know they're incorrect and hallucinate a "correct" answer. Adding to that, the methods the bots use to come up with said answer are predictable, for example, owner/repository or toolname/toolname GitHub URLs. This is different than just standard typo-squatting, as it exploits the hallucination mechanism itself.

An attacker first identifies an application, code repository, programming library, or bot skill that's gained popularity only in recent months or years — let's say, a new GitHub repo with the URL OriginalOwner/WindowsTelemetryOff. As the bots' training data is not recent enough to contain information about it, GitHub URLs owner/repo combinations SuperHacker/WindowsTelemetryOff , and WindowsTelemetryOff/WindowsTelemetryOff look just as peachy. Likewise, WindowsTelemetryOf and WindowTelemetryOff (note the typos) will be valid candidates.

The attacker then creates a malicious repository using those generated names. When Claude or another code agent is asked to "run the windowstelemetryoff scripts" or a similar instruction, chances are they'll hallucinate the repo name (sometimes even having run a web search), run into the malicious version that looks like the original, and happily run whatever's in there.

From that point, all bets are off now that the attacker's code is running on the user's machine. The most obvious outcome could be creating a reverse shell (the user's machine opens a command line that's controlled remotely). Now having access to the user's account, the attacker can siphon off their data and passwords, install software, run crypto miners, or harness their AI agent for further malfeasance, all with the power of entire data centers at their disposal.

And here's the kicker: just the one HalluSquatted piece of software has the potential to bait and reel in tens of thousands of bots, if not more, in a proverbial blink of an eye. A crafty attacker would be kind enough to include all the original code in their poisoned version, adding yet another layer of unawareness to the mix.

The research team found that an LLM will hallucinate the location of a recent code repository up to 85% of the time, a figure that can reach 100% for trending agentic skills. Every single model is widely affected, up to and including Anthropic's mighty Claude Opus 4.5. At the application level, the figures are better, but still pretty bad.

The scientists are working on common LLM-backed programming applications, including Cursor, Windsurf, and OpenClaw, among others. In this scenario, the bots stand a better chance given they're working with more context information, but even still, the success rates for hacking ranged from 20%-35% for Cursor, Gemini CLI, and Copilot, and increased massively to close to 80-100% on OpenClaw and its variants. The exploit mechanism doesn't even need to be crafted specifically for any bot; the researchers' results show it's universal and transferable, too.

The mean hallucination rate for names of sample GitHub repositories published in 2025 is 92.4%, while predictably, bots get the URLs wrong 0.9% for those from 2019 or earlier, though that's arguably still a concerning figure. The most effective mitigation is adjusting workflow: instructing bots to always run web searches before installing software, and providing them with additional context. Unfortunately, that's not the default way most people appear to use them.

Cybersecurity professionals have long advocated for not blindly trusting a bot's actions and severely restricting the access level granted to AI agents. And yet it's not uncommon to see bots with wide-ranging permissions over users' machines, API keys, access keys, and service accounts, to name a few — all in a bid to make it "easier" for the bot to vibe-code their pointy-haired-boss' latest brilliant idea.

Flipping the infamous early 1990s anti-piracy campaign messaging on its head, the Future Nostalgia Project is asking retro hoarders to Copy That Floppy! Backed by the Cambridge University Library and supported by the Digital Preservation Coalition, the project went online late last year. The project includes an extensive, indexed how-to guide to preserving data currently on your dusty old floppy collection. It covers a plethora of removable media from 8- and 5.25-inch floppies to the iconic 3.5-inch ‘save icon’ diskettes. I’ve been archiving my own very poorly labeled collection of diskettes before bit rot gets them, and while the necessary hardware remains affordable.

The published guide focuses mostly on saving the material stored on the old removable media. Rewriting the disks to new media and/or accessing the old data that was squirreled within is beyond the scope of the still extensive guide. However, there are links provided to further guides and documentation that cover those subsequent steps.

My 3.5-inch floppy jumble

I originally acquired a good-condition working USB floppy drive from the iMac era to image my collection of 3.5-inch floppies dating back to the 16-bit era. Buying a USB-attached optical drive has already been great for accessing and imaging old CDs and DVDs. However, due to the mix of (poorly labeled) Atari ST, Amiga (OFS, FFS, PFS), PC, Mac, and even Archimedes floppies, I have the USB floppy, which doesn’t cut it. I had to acquire a Greaseweazle because a PC‑compatible USB floppy drive cannot read or write the raw, low‑level disk formats used by Amiga, classic Macintosh, and many other vintage systems.

It’s a bit of a rabbit hole in a minefield, but some vintage used drives you can get via places like eBay are better than others at reading flux transitions (the raw magnetic pulses on the disk) on non-IBM formats. Then, when you image disks, and it isn’t 100% successful, you wonder if your drive is the problem or if it’s the old media…

My first diskette archiving tests immediately hit a speedbump. After a lot of forum reading and investigating, I determined the used 3.5-inch floppy drive I’d sourced to pair with my Greaseweazle had one malfunctioning head. Having the other USB floppy drive allowed me to verify that using a standard PC disk.

My second used floppy drive appears to be OK. I’ve managed to image some Amiga and Atari ST disks and access them, reading files and running programs within the respective emulators. If you don’t know what format the source floppy is, Greaseweazle can handle it by doing a complete flux copy. Then you can look at raw data in tools like HxCFloppyEmulator to understand the original format and make disk images for common emulators. These can be saved to backup disks, as well as the current PC SSD. That’s what I’ve been doing.

I’m also currently digitally archiving compact cassette audio tapes (Yamaha Natural Sound deck), and scanning 35mm film (Canoscan film scanner), among other things, when I’m not writing here. In all these cases, the media is getting so old now that it could be degrading, if not already useless. Moreover, the devices you can wrangle these old formats with are also often nearing the ends of their service lives.

It’s been over 30 years since the cringeworthy Don’t Copy That Floppy campaign hit the airwaves. You can watch the Software Publishers Association-backed video online anytime now, as it's been digitally archived on YouTube. The messaging was clear: copying software results in a loss of income for artists, writers, designers, and programmers, meaning there will be fewer software products in the future.

There's a brilliant combo deal to be had right now on two top-quality Hoto tools, giving you Hoto's electric screwdriver and vacuum cleaner for just $89.08. That's cheaper than this same deal has appeared during Amazon's big sales events recently, and one that'll save you $60.90 overall.

● Check out this deal on Amazon

I've owned this electric screwdriver for some time now, and it's become an essential part of the arsenal of tools that I use to renovate my home, while also becoming my go-to driver when I've needed to pop open my PC. It's also been a popular choice among the Tom's Hardware editorial team, with several of my colleagues owning and recommending one.

You're getting pieces of kit in this deal. First, the driver, which combines Hoto's NEX O1 Pro electric screwdriver in a set with 25 different bits. You also get Hoto's AutoCare handheld vacuum cleaner and air duster, which has the ability to both suck and blow, which you can put to good use by cleaning your car interior, blasting out the dust from your PC fans, or by eradicating the crumbs from the crevices in your keyboard.

The Hoto NEX O1 Pro 3.6V driver comes with a 1,500 mAh battery which, in practice, should let you drive over 1,000 screws on a full charge, according to Hoto. From personal experience, that seems about right: I've used the same driver almost every weekend since the start of this year and I've only needed to charge it once. It uses USB-C charging and comes with a supplied cable, so I'm able to use my existing phone charger to keep it topped up. A full charge takes only 150 minutes to complete, too.

You're getting 25 steel screw bits as part of the driver kit. These are rated at 60HRC on the Rockwell scale, with 24 standard bits, along with an additional extended PH2 bit. They come in a variety of shapes, with options available for Phillips, Torx, flat, hexagon, and Pozidriv screw heads. The driver has three different torque options to choose from and has a built-in sensor that will stop driving immediately as soon as you release control. An LED light, built into the top of the driver, also helps you see in dark spaces, which I've found particularly useful. The driver is also magnetic to help you avoid dropping screws.

Alongside the driver kit is the Hoto AutoCare. This is a 4-in-1 device with two alternate ends, giving you the option to either suck the air or blow it. You have five different attachments to use, too, all with different sizes and purposes. For instance, you might want to use the grooming brush on your car seat or sofa, or you might prefer to use the tiny pointed nozzle to get underneath your keyboard keys.

Like the NEX O1 Pro, the AutoCare is USB-C powered. It weighs 0.78lbs and has a 1,900 mAh battery, which Hoto reckons lasts for ten minutes of continuous use. While there are plenty of use cases, PC owners will find it easy to use to keep their setup clean and clear of dust and debris. It's also good for those once-or-twice-a-year jobs, such as vacuum packing clothes away, or for inflating air beds.

The $89.08 sale price for this Hoto electronic screwdriver and 4-in-1 vacuum and air duster set is a brilliant option for upgrading your home toolkit with two must-own gadgets. Hoto often discounts its products, so while this isn't ground-breaking, it's still a great price and a brilliant deal, leaving you to spend the $60.90 saving elsewhere.

If you're looking for more savings, check out our Best PC Hardware deals for a range of products, or dive deeper into our specialized SSD and Storage Deals, Hard Drive Deals, Gaming Monitor Deals, Graphics Card Deals, Gaming Chair, Best Wi-Fi Routers, Best Motherboard, or CPU Deals pages.

You can also join the Tom's Hardware deals Discord for up-to-the-minute hardware deals.

After announcing it last month, the first AMD EXPO Ultra Low Latency (ULL) memory kits are finally available; and with up to an 80% jump over already inflated RAM prices in tow. HardwareLuxx was able to snag a kit of G.Skill's new Trident Z5 NeoX RGB memory to see how ULL performs, and the results don't quite justify the extra cost. At most, the publication found just a 4% improvement compared to non-ULL kits.

That aligns with AMD's original claims about ULL. When the company announced the initiative last month, it also cited a 4% improvement over standard EXPO. However, AMD claims that ULL offers a 4% improvement on average, while HardwareLuxx only found that large of an improvement in a single game: F1 25.

HardwareLuxx tested a 2 x 16GB kit at 6,000 MT/s with primary timings at 36-36-36-76. Compared to standard EXPO/XMP DIMMs, a lot of the optimization with ULL DIMMs comes from tuning the subtimings. The primary timings are largely the same as what you'll find on a standard EXPO kit, short of tWR (write recovery), which is lower on the EXPO ULL kit. Better binning of the memory ICs allows for more aggressive subtiming optimization, as HardwareLuxx notes, rather than relying on timings primarily concerned with stability.

In games, the ULL kit showed clear performance improvements, no matter how minor they were. In F1 25, the ULL kit outclassed a DDR5-6000 CL26-36-36-96 kit by 4.2%, and beat out JEDEC standards at 5600 MT/s by nearly 14%. Similarly, in Cyberpunk 2077, the ULL kit was around 3.7% faster than the standard EXPO kit, and 12.7% faster than JEDEC standards. The outlet also tested Arc Raiders, Baldur's Gate 3, and Counter-Strike 2; however, the ULL kit didn't offer a meaningful performance improvement in any of these titles.

The outlet also tested 7-Zip, though with only minor differences between ULL and non-ULL memory. The most interesting results are from the microbenchmarks available in AIDA64, which HardwareLuxx also ran. ULL showed largely similar copy and read throughput, but write throughput was 9.4% higher with ULL compared to stock EXPO.

Although there's a performance benefit, it's minor, and HardwareLuxx notes that "manual tuning still allows for the maximum possible optimization."

The particular kit that HardwareLuxx tested doesn't have the extreme ULL price increases we've seen elsewhere. It's currently available for sale for $530, which is only $20 more than a kit of G.Skill's Trident Z5 Neo RGB memory at DDR5-6000 CL36. It's actually gone down in price (it was originally listed at $550), while kits with more aggressive timings have increased in price.

The NeoX DDR5-6000 CL26 kit, for example, has jumped up $50 to $1,150 — yes, that's for a 2 x 16 GB kit still — while the CL28 kit has jumped up to $1,030 (a $30 price increase). Two weeks ago, we saw non-ULL kits selling at $560 and $700 for CL28 and CL26, respectively, creating a large delta in price between ULL and non-ULL kits. Now, those kits are selling for $700 and $900, respectively.

The introduction of ULL couldn't have come at a worse time, as the ongoing DRAM shortage continues to raise the cost of building a PC around the world. Adding a premium on top of those already inflated prices is tough to justify, even if that premium is modest — especially for mainstream CL36 and CL30 kits, the "ULL tax" is essentially null. The good news is that you can largely achieve what ULL offers on your own, at least given that you have the patience to sit through tuning your memory for single-digit gains.

Global data center electricity consumption will grow 26% in 2026 to reach 565 terawatt-hours (TWh), up from 447 TWh in 2025, according to a recent Gartner forecast that names power availability as a binding constraint on AI expansion. Worldwide power demand is set to rise 27% to 132 GW over the same period, up from 104 GW in 2025, with consumption projected to exceed 1,200 TWh by 2030. The gigawatt figure measures peak capacity that has yet to be built, permitted, and connected, while the terawatt-hour figure measures the electricity actually drawn over the year. Both, however, are climbing faster than utilities can add supply.

"Surging demand for compute-intensive AI workloads is driving unprecedented data center power growth, while AI capacity is now constrained by power availability, making data center power security the new battle ground for scaling and protecting margins in the global AI race," said Gartner's Direct Analyst Linglan Wang.

AI-optimized servers consumed about 95 TWh worldwide in 2025 and will draw 175 TWh in 2026, an increase of roughly 84%. Gartner expects that figure to reach 258 TWh in 2027, the point at which AI-optimized hardware will consume more electricity than conventional servers for the first time. By 2030, AI-optimized servers are forecast to account for close to half of all data center power consumption.

Conventional servers are effectively flat by comparison. They grew less than 1% in 2025 and are projected to rise 1.2% in 2026 to around 195 TWh, reaching 200 TWh in 2027. Gartner estimates AI-optimized servers will make up 31% of total data center power consumption in 2026, up from roughly 20% a year earlier. Cooling, of course, represents a growing share of the total, with electricity used by cooling systems forecast to climb 22.6% in 2026 to 195 TWh, reflecting the thermal load of denser AI racks and continued capacity expansion.

The U.S. accounts for about 204 TWh of the 565 TWh total in 2026, or 36% of worldwide consumption. Of that U.S. figure, dedicated AI data centers consume roughly 68 TWh, or one-third of the national total, while non-AI data center demand in the country has grown only marginally over the same period.

Regional grids are already feeling the strain, and more than 75 data center projects worth $130 billion were blocked in the first months of 2026 amid opposition over power and water costs, while some operators have turned to on-site gas generators to bring capacity online without waiting for grid connections. In Virginia, one county asked employees to conserve power as data center demand pushed utility rates higher.

In its report, Garner warns that grid supply will be insufficient to meet demand once consumption passes 1,200 TWh by 2030, a shortfall that will affect all data center users, not just AI operators. The forecast accounts for parts and supply shortages, delayed or cancelled projects, and geopolitical disruption, including conflict involving Iran. Wang said infrastructure and operations leaders should prioritize efficiency upgrades, secure grid access, and invest in high-efficiency cooling and edge computing to manage the constraint.

Hyperscalers have moved in the same direction, with Meta having signed deals for more than 6GW of nuclear power to supply its upcoming data centers, and one firm repurposing retired U.S. Navy reactors for an AI site in Tennessee. Those projects will take years to deliver, with recommissioned nuclear plants and the earliest small modular reactors not expected online until 2028 or later, leaving power availability as a near-term limitation on the seemingly unstoppable AI build-out.

While most of the Western world has been grappling with publishers and big tech companies about digital ownership, a Redditor who claims to be married to a Chinese lawyer and certified Chinese-English translator said that multiple Chinese families have successfully sued “for the right to inherit their deceased relatives’ game accounts.” u/Slawrfp shared summaries of three rulings favoring a gamer’s estate with regards to digital ownership on a subreddit. These cases go beyond game ownership, too, as they also tackled digital assets, in-game purchases, Bitcoin, and even social media accounts.

Chinese gamers have successfully managed to sue for the right to inherit their deceased relatives’ game accounts from r/pcmasterrace

“Chinese courts view game accounts and microtransaction purchases as something of monetary value, and therefore gamers have rights related to those assets,” u/Slawrfp wrote. “Chinese courts reject the idea that standard non-transferability clauses can stop you from inheriting or bequeathing a game or even individual microtransactions (of the same nature as CS:GO knives or skins in other games) and have made this ruling in multiple cases.”

u/Slawrfp cited several cases — the first one is called “the Golden Blade case," which arose out of a dispute between two parties in 2009. The issue started when the wife (Li Lan) of a deceased gamer (Lu) wanted to sell the “Golden Blade” he acquired in the game Zhengtu, a now-defunct MMORPG. However, Lu required the cooperation of his “in-game wife,” Yang Yuan, to get the item, and therefore argued that she should get ownership.

In the end, the court ruled that since Lu put in the effort, paid for internet access, loaded up with in-game credits, and that buyers were willing to acquire the item for around RMB 50,000 (around $7,350 at the current exchange rate), then it had the attributes of property and could be inherited by his legal wife. Aside from that, DeHeng Law Offices [machine translated] said that the “in-game marriage” between Lu and Yang had no legal bearing, so Li Lan stands as the inheritor of Lu’s properties. But because Yang spent a similar effort in helping Lu to acquire the artifact, its ownership belongs to both, so both Li Lan and Yang Yuan are entitled to 50% each of the asset’s price.

Another case in 2024 tackled a deceased user’s Bitcoin holdings, a gaming account worth nearly $30,000 (RMB 200,000), and a social media account. According to Chinese lawyer Wang Lianghua on the Chinese social media platform Toutiao [machine translated], the inheritor’s lawyer argued that virtual property has attributes of legal property because it could be traded, has value, and could even generate profits, which meets the “scarcity, disposal, and value” definitions of property. On the other hand, the platforms holding these digital assets argued that ownership belongs to them based on the agreements that the user accepted when signing up for the account.

The court judged that virtual assets, including Bitcoin, game equipment, social media commercial rights, and domain names, among others, are included in the deceased’s estate and are inheritable, and that operation of social media accounts can also be passed on to the heirs. However, private content, such as chat records and other “purely personal interests,” cannot be passed on and are instead archived by their respective platforms. Lastly, the “inheritance prohibition” included in most license agreements is invalid as they violate statutory rights — platforms are required to assist with inheritance requests and could ask for supporting documentation as well as charge reasonable costs.

Aside from these cases, there was another one where a mother lost her son and asked a gaming platform to give her access to his accounts. The court ruled similarly as the previous case, saying that the gamer’s accounts, character data, virtual items, and other assets are virtual property, and thus, inheritable. The company was then obligated to cooperate with the mother and transfer all inheritable rights to her.

These court cases offer a stark contrast in most of the rest of the world, where publishers could cut you off from your media library the moment their licensing contracts expire. The Steam subscriber agreement also prohibits the transfer of a Steam account — and with U.S. courts counting games as digital licenses, then Valve cannot be compelled to pass them on to the user’s heirs. Digital rights are a hot topic among gamers and consumers, especially as many big tech companies transition from selling physical copies of games to going all digital, and preservationists fight to keep game archives alive.

Rapidus is bidding Japan's entire return to leading-edge logic on one fab in Chitose, Hokkaido, and the schedule now turns on a 2027 mass-production target for a 2nm process that no high-volume customer has yet committed to.

Since opening the IIM-1 pilot line in April last year, the company has run wafers through Japan's first mass-production-grade EUV scanner, produced a 2nm gate-all-around prototype that reached its expected electrical characteristics in July, and closed a ¥267.6 billion funding round in February that made the Japanese government its largest shareholder. CEO Atsuyoshi Koike said the same month that more than 60 companies are in talks over 2nm capacity, but not one has yet signed a volume agreement. Given that its entire production base is the single IIM-1 facility, this leaves Rapidus with no diversification and no fallback site if the node doesn’t go ahead as planned.

However, the fab has the hopes of an entire nation pinned on it, and its plans are promising. Here's the breakdown.

A ticking clock on IIM-1

IIM-1, short for Innovative Integration for Manufacturing, broke ground in September 2023 at Bibi in Chitose, with the cleanroom completed in 2024. ASML delivered a TWINSCAN NXE:3800E in December 2024, the first mass-production-grade EUV system installed in Japan, and the tool completed its first exposure on April 1st last year. The pilot line also began operating that month.

Rapidus is currently targeting 2027 for mass production, but the company has given that date without any further qualification, with its business plan simply pointing to production beginning in the second half of fiscal 2027 and scaling to full volume in 2028. The same plan sets out a capacity ramp from roughly 6,000 wafer starts per month at the outset to around 25,000 within the first year, a fourfold increase that Rapidus is counting on to bring per-wafer costs down.

IIM-1’s siting in Chitose offers the abundant water that wafer cleaning demands, a cool climate that eases cooling loads, and some of Japan's strongest renewable-energy potential across wind, solar, and hydro. Local and prefectural authorities have organized around the project under a “Hokkaido Valley” initiative that aims to build a semiconductor cluster spanning Tomakomai, Chitose, and Ishikari.

The 2nm process

Rapidus’s 2nm node is a gate-all-around nanosheet design derived from the IBM 2nm process announced in 2021, the product of a partnership signed in December 2022. Rapidus engineers worked alongside IBM at the Albany NanoTech Complex in New York to learn the node before transferring it to Chitose. More than 150 Rapidus engineers were dispatched to Albany across 2023 and 2024 to learn the node, with roughly 80 later returning to Chitose to transfer and tune the process for production, according to IBM.

The differentiator the company is leaning on is manufacturing flow, with IIM-1 running single-wafer front-end processing throughout, branded as Rapid and Unified Manufacturing Service, with per-wafer data fed into AI models that Rapidus says will accelerate yield learning and shorten turnaround compared with the batch processing used by TSMC and Samsung. It’s understood that the 2nm Process Design Kit (PDK) reached early customers in Q1 this year. Still, Rapidus hasn’t yet published a yield figure, and its public claims extend only to the prototype attaining expected electrical characteristics.

The program extends beyond the wafer, with Japan’s New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) approved fiscal 2026 budget for Rapidus providing funds for chiplet and package design and manufacturing technology for 2nm-generation semiconductors, alongside front-end work. The company has also floated panel-level glass-substrate packaging as part of its longer-term roadmap. Building that back-end capability in Chitose rather than outsourcing it would mirror the integrated approach Intel and Samsung take.

Japan’s government as a shareholder

Rapidus’s February funding round closed at ¥267.6 billion, or about $1.7 billion, split between ¥100 billion from the government through the Information-technology Promotion Agency and ¥167.6 billion from 32 private companies. The state investment, the first made possible by a 2025 revision to Japan's subsidy law permitting government equity in Rapidus, made Tokyo the largest single shareholder, with a golden share giving it veto power over major decisions, including share transfers and technology partnerships.

That round sits on top of a much larger commitment from November, when Japan's Ministry of Trade and Industry added approximately ¥1 trillion in support across fiscal 2026 and 2027, lifting total planned government backing to about ¥2.9 trillion. The government added a further ¥150 billion in equity in early June, taking Rapidus’s combined capital and capital reserves to around ¥425 billion. The shares the state holds are structured as largely non-voting, keeping its formal voting position near 11.5%, but they convert to a controlling stake of roughly 60% if performance deteriorates, a clause that pairs with the golden share to give Tokyo both upside alignment and a downside lever.

Rapidus’s buildings and equipment are also currently owned by Japan's New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) and leased back, with the company previously obligated to buy them by fiscal 2027. The government now plans to construct fab buildings and tools with public money across fiscal 2027 and 2028 and transfer them to Rapidus as in-kind contributions in exchange for shares, removing that purchase obligation and converting what had been grant funding into direct ownership.

The customer conundrum

Koike said in February that Rapidus was in discussions with more than 60 companies and had issued preliminary price quotations to around 10 of them. The names attached to those talks in reporting by TrendForce are IBM and the Canadian RISC-V accelerator startup Tenstorrent, with Fujitsu, a founding investor, separately weighing whether to outsource a 1.4nm CPU for a successor to its Fugaku supercomputer around 2029.

The design partnerships Rapidus has actually signed, however, are with smaller players building energy-efficient AI silicon. Tenstorrent, the firm led by chip architect Jim Keller and currently being considered for takeover by Qualcomm, agreed back in 2023 to co-develop an edge-AI accelerator on the 2nm node under a NEDO and Leading-edge Semiconductor Technology Center (LSTC) project, with Tenstorrent handling the CPU and Rapidus' AI Chip Design Center building the accelerator. Rapidus signed a separate memorandum of cooperation with RISC-V inference designer Esperanto Technologies in May 2024.

Neither of these amounts to the committed high-volume order that Rapidus needs, and fast. Koike has described interest as growing “like a runaway steam engine,” but interest is not the same as allocation. Rapidus’s cost model depends on filling the 25,000-wafer ramp, and a fab running well below capacity carries the same fixed depreciation as a full one. The company has said its homegrown 2nm chips could cost around 10 times more than Japan’s current mainstream parts, a premium that’ll only narrow with volume.

Japan's two-track strategy

Rapidus is the leading half of a national plan that’s running on two tracks. The other is TSMC's JASM venture in Kumamoto, on the southern island of Kyushu, where a first fab backed by Sony, Denso, and Toyota began mass production in December 2024 on mature 12nm, 16nm, 22nm, and 28nm nodes aimed at automotive and industrial chips.

A second Kumamoto fab broke ground in 2025, and its planned node was upgraded twice, first to 4nm and then to 3nm, with production targeted around 2028. Tokyo is therefore funding mature and specialty capacity through a proven foreign operator in the south while betting on a domestic startup to reach the leading edge in the north. The Kumamoto plants carry far less technical risk and are already shipping; Rapidus carries nearly all of the program's execution risk and none of its proven output.

Even as the 2nm line ramps, Rapidus plans to begin 1.4nm process development in 2026, start construction on a 1.4nm fab in 2027, and reach mass production around 2029. The node leans on the company's research ties: Rapidus joined imec's core partner program in April 2023, giving it access to the Belgian institute's pilot line, and imec's position is that 1.4nm single-patterned layers require High-NA EUV, the 0.55 numerical-aperture tool that resolves the most critical metal layers in one exposure rather than several. Total lifetime investment is expected to exceed ¥7 trillion, with roughly ¥5 trillion needed just to reach stable 2nm production, according to figures cited by both TrendForce and Nikkei.

Rapidus’ financials highlight how far all this is from being self-sustainable, having posted a ¥375 million loss for fiscal 2025 with total assets of ¥749.5 billion, while still aiming to raise around ¥1 trillion from private investors. The ASEAN+3 Macroeconomic Research Office has been cited as estimating that committed funding still falls short of the roughly ¥5 trillion needed for stable production, dependent on a private investor base that has yet to materialize at scale.

Meanwhile, TSMC moved its N2 node to volume production in late 2025, and Samsung began first-generation SF2 mass production the same year, which puts Rapidus roughly two years behind both on a node that customers can already buy elsewhere with proven yields. There’s also something of an adversarial backdrop developing: TSMC employees were reportedly accused last year of taking 2nm trade secrets said to be destined for Rapidus, an allegation a Japanese government official later characterized as non-critical. The episode has no confirmed bearing on Rapidus’s process, which is built on IBM IP.

Rapidus is targeting operating profitability around fiscal 2030 and an IPO in fiscal 2031, a timeline that assumes the 2027 ramp lands on schedule and that the customers now in talks convert into committed volume. Three milestones will indicate whether those targets are possible: a named customer with a committed volume order, evidence that 2nm yields are tracking toward the levels TSMC and Samsung already run at, and confirmation that the capacity ramp is hitting its 25,000-wafer target.

China’s National Vulnerability Database (NVDB) said in a statement that Claude Code, Anthropic’s popular AI coding tool, contains “security backdoor vulnerabilities,” and warned users to either uninstall it or update to its latest version. According to the Wall Street Journal, versions of the tool released between April and June 2026 “can send sensitive information such as user location and identity to remote servers without the user’s consent due to a built-in monitoring mechanism.” It should be noted, though, that the Chinese government released this guidance even though the AI tool isn’t approved for public use in China. Anthropic has also restricted the use of its AI tools in the region due to national security risks.

It seems that this directive stems from the revelation by developer Troye Sivan that Claude Code is covertly sending information like time zone and domains, targeting Chinese users. Anthropic engineer Thariq Shihipar confirmed on X that it was an experiment the company launched in June “to prevent account abuse from unauthorized resellers and protect against distillation.” He also added that “this should be fully rolled back in tomorrow’s release.”

Anthropic has already accused Chinese AI labs of distilling Claude twice — it said earlier this year that DeepSeek, alongside other Chinese developers, created 24,000 fraudulent accounts to train smaller models. It once again claimed in late June that Claude was distilled, this time by Alibaba. There have also been several reports that Claude API access is being resold in the grey market at 90% off through proxy networks.

It seems that Anthropic’s experiment has already concluded and that its tracking functions will no longer be hidden and will be baked directly into Claude Code, based on Shihipar’s statement. This is probably why the Chinese cybersecurity agency recommended that users update their Claude Code apps to the latest version. However, this is still a curious guidance — even though Claude Code is not directly banned in China, the government still requires all AI LLMs to undergo review, which Anthropic’s AI models did not go through.

Still, despite the dual bans, Chinese developers are finding ways to access Claude Code. More than that, Beijing is seemingly acknowledging this fact with its directive, telling people who use the AI tool to update their apps.