Nvidia still holds approximately 70% of the AI chip market share, but that share is projected to erode as Google, Amazon, Meta, Microsoft, and OpenAI invest billions in purpose-built chips designed for their specific workloads. ASIC-based AI server shipments are projected to reach 27.8% of the market in 2026, the highest share since 2023, which also forecasts that custom ASIC shipments will grow 44.6% year-over-year in 2026, nearly triple the 16.1% growth rate projected for merchant GPUs.

This is being enabled almost entirely by TSMC, which fabricates chips for all five hyperscalers and for Broadcom, the dominant custom AI chip architect. Broadcom alone carries a $73 billion AI backlog and is targeting $100 billion in annual AI chip revenue by 2027.

Marvell, which has partnered with Amazon on Trainium and Microsoft on Maia, projects up to $11 billion in AI ASIC revenue for 2026. Together, Broadcom and Marvell control roughly 95% of the custom AI ASIC co-design market.

So, with the market projected to expand significantly across 2026 and beyond, we take a look at what companies are currently up to and where they might be headed in the future.

Broadcom

Broadcom, which has arguably emerged as the core enabler of the AI ASIC ecosystem, reported $8.4 billion in AI semiconductor revenue for Q1 FY2026 (ending February 2026), a 106% year-over-year increase, and guided to $10.7 billion in Q2. CEO Hock Tan told investors the company has "line of sight to achieve AI revenue from chips in excess of $100 billion in 2027," backed by a disclosed $73 billion AI backlog.

Broadcom has confirmed six major XPU customers, including Google, which remains the longest-standing partner, with seven generations of co-designed TPU's since 2014. OpenAI signed a multi-year collaboration in October 2025 for 10 gigawatts of custom accelerators, with first deployment targeting the second half of 2026 using both 3nm and 2nm designs. That deal came after OpenAI was widely reported to be behind a separate $10 billion order. However, Broadcom semiconductor president Charlie Kawwas joked on CNBC that OpenAI "has not given me that PO yet," leaving the identity of the mystery customer officially unconfirmed.

Meta, ByteDance, and Fujitsu round out the confirmed customer list, and analysts have identified Apple and Arm/SoftBank as potential future engagements. Arm is separately developing a custom CPU for OpenAI's Broadcom-built accelerator, a contract that could be worth billions to SoftBank.

The tech behind this growth is Broadcom's 3.5D XDSiP platform, which uses face-to-face 3D stacking via TSMC's SoIC process combined with 2.5D CoWoS integration. The platform enables packages exceeding 6,000 mm squared of silicon with up to 12 HBM stacks, far beyond the roughly 2,500 mm squared limit of conventional 2.5D designs. In February, Broadcom announced it had begun shipping the industry's first 2nm compute SoC built on this platform, integrating four N2 compute dies, one I/O die, and six HBM modules.

In terms of networking, Broadcom’s Tomahawk 6 switch chip entered volume production in March as the industry's first 102.4 Tbps Ethernet part. The companion Jericho 4 fabric chip (51.2 Tbps) began shipping last August and is designed to interconnect over one million XPUs across data centers. Nvidia's competing Spectrum-X1600, meanwhile, isn’t expected in volume until the second half of 2026.

Google TPU

Google's TPU program is the most mature custom AI silicon effort among the hyperscalers, and its latest generation represents a significant architectural leap. The TPU v7, codenamed Ironwood, was announced at Cloud Next in April 2025 and entered preview in November. Each chip delivers 4,614 FP8 TFLOPS with 192 GB of HBM3E memory at 7.37 TB/s bandwidth. It’s manufactured on TSMC's N3P process in a dual-chiplet design co-developed with Broadcom and MediaTek, and features two TensorCores with doubled 256x256 MXU arrays plus four SparseCores.

The 9,216-chip superpod configuration delivers 42.5 FP8 exaflops with 1.77 PB of aggregate HBM. Per-chip, Ironwood's 4,614 TFLOPS sits close to Blackwell's approximately 5,000 FP8 TFLOPS, but SemiAnalysis estimates that TPUs achieve higher sustained model FLOP utilization of roughly 90% for transformers versus 70% to 80% for GPUs, narrowing or erasing the real-world performance gap. Google claims that the total cost of ownership (TCO) per Ironwood chip is roughly 44% lower than a GB200 server from its own procurement perspective.

Google is now selling TPU access aggressively beyond its own services. Anthropic committed to up to one million TPUs in the largest deal in Google Cloud history back in October, while Meta entered talks for multi-billion-dollar TPU deployments in February this year. The current-generation TPU v6e Trillium remains widely available on Google Cloud at $2.70 per chip-hour on demand, delivering roughly four-times better price-performance than H100 instances for LLM workloads, according to Google's own benchmarks. Google's Axion ARM CPU, based on Neoverse V2 and reportedly manufactured on TSMC 3nm according to TrendForce, complements TPUs for general-purpose cloud workloads.

Amazon Trainium

AWS has matched Google's pace with an aggressive custom silicon roadmap developed by Annapurna Labs, the Israeli chip design house acquired by Amazon in 2015. Trainium3, which went generally available at re:Invent in December, is AWS's first 3nm chip. Each Trainium3 delivers 2.517 PFLOPS FP8 with 144GB HBM3E at 4.9 TB/s bandwidth, roughly double the compute and 1.5 times the memory of its predecessor. The new Trn3 UltraServer packs 144 chips delivering 362 FP8 petaflops with 20.7 TB of memory, a 4.4 times improvement over Trn2 UltraServers.

AWS CEO Matt Garman said at re:Invent 2025 that the company had "already deployed more than 1 million Trainium processors" and was selling them as fast as production allowed. CEO Andy Jassy called it "already a multibillion-dollar business." The Project Rainier facility in Indiana, an $11 billion, 2.2 GW campus, had roughly 500,000 Trainium2 chips running for Anthropic by October 2025, and AWS also confirmed an OpenAI deal to supply 2 GW of Trainium computing capacity.

Trainium4 was announced in December 2025 for late 2026 or early 2027 availability, promising three times FP8 performance, six times FP4 throughput, and four times memory bandwidth over Trainium3, with an estimated 288 GB of memory. One notable feature is support for Nvidia NVLink Fusion, enabling hybrid clusters that mix Trainium and Nvidia GPUs. AWS's Graviton5 ARM CPU (192 cores, TSMC 3nm, Neoverse V3) was also announced at re:Invent 2025.

Meta MTIA

Meta disclosed one of the most ambitious custom chip roadmaps in the industry in March, unveiling four new MTIA generations (300 through 500) for deployment through 2027, in addition to the already-shipping MTIA 100 and 200. The company has deployed hundreds of thousands of MTIA chips for inference across Facebook and Instagram.

The MTIA 400 delivers 6 PFLOPS FP8 and 18 PFLOPS MX4 with 288GB HBM at 9.2 Tbps bandwidth in a 1,200W envelope. The MTIA 500, scheduled for 2027 mass deployment, scales to 10 PFLOPS FP8 and 30 PFLOPS MX4 with up to 512GB HBM at 27.6 Tbps in a 2x2 chiplet configuration, consuming 1,700W. From the MTIA 300 to the 500, HBM bandwidth increases 4.5 times and compute scales 25 times, with a new chip roughly every six months.

Meta has been explicit that MTIA is not a replacement for Nvidia GPUs. The company expanded its Nvidia partnership in February for "millions of AI chips," including Grace Blackwell and future Vera Rubin platforms, in a deal reportedly worth tens of billions. Custom silicon handles optimized inference at a massive scale, while Nvidia handles frontier model training.

With $115-135 billion in 2026 capex guidance, Meta is buying everything it can from both sources. The MTIA chips are fabricated on TSMC's advanced nodes: MTIA 100 on 7nm, MTIA 200 on 5nm, and the 300-series onward reportedly moving to 3nm with CoWoS packaging.

Microsoft, Tesla, and other efforts

Microsoft's custom silicon program took a significant step forward in January with the deployment of Maia 200, manufactured on TSMC 3nm with over 140 billion transistors. The chip delivers more than 10 PFLOPS FP4 and 5 PFLOPS FP8 with 216GB HBM3E at 7 TB/s bandwidth in a 750W envelope. Microsoft claims it offers 30% better performance per dollar than the best hardware in its existing fleet and calls it "the most performant first-party silicon from any hyperscaler." Maia 200 currently serves GPT-5.2 models for OpenAI and powers Microsoft 365 Copilot workloads from its Des Moines data center.

The path to Maia 200 was far from smooth, though. The original Maia 100, built on TSMC 5nm, was reportedly designed more for image processing than generative AI and never powered production AI services at scale. Maia 200 was delayed roughly six months due to design changes requested by OpenAI that caused simulation instability, plus chip team turnover. CEO Satya Nadella has emphasized that Microsoft will continue purchasing Nvidia and AMD chips alongside Maia. Microsoft's Cobalt 200 Arm CPU (TSMC 3nm, 132 Neoverse V3 cores) was announced at Ignite 2025 and is now live in Azure data centers.

Tesla’s Dojo project, meanwhile, met a very different fate. Despite years of development and an innovative D1 chip (TSMC 7nm, 50 billion transistors, 362 TFLOPS BF16, with a unique 354-core mesh architecture), Tesla disbanded the Dojo team in August. Lead architect Peter Bannon departed, and roughly 20 engineers left to found DensityAI. Elon Musk explained that "once it became clear that all paths converged to AI6, I had to shut down Dojo." Tesla is now focusing on AI5 and AI6 inference chips, with AI6 backed by a $16.5 billion Samsung fabrication deal, while relying on Nvidia hardware for current training needs.

Among other contenders, Intel's Gaudi 3 has struggled with software maturity and missed targets. Shipment goals were cut by more than 30% in 2024, and the Habana Labs brand is being absorbed into Intel's broader accelerator efforts under CEO Lip-Bu Tan. In China, Huawei's Ascend 910C (SMIC 7nm, roughly 800 TFLOPS FP16, 128GB HBM) targets 600,000 units in 2026 but faces yield challenges at around 20%. Cambricon, meanwhile, plans to triple output to 500,000 chips.

TSMC enables it all

TSMC is the indispensable enabler across all these custom AI ASIC efforts. The foundry generated $122.4 billion in 2025 revenue, up 36% year-over-year, and forecasts a 60% compound annual growth rate for AI chip revenue through 2029.

Its CoWoS advanced packaging capacity is scaling from roughly 65,000-75,000 wafers per month in 2025 to a target of 120,000-130,000 wafers per month in 2026, and capital expenditure of up to $56 billion is planned for the year. The 2nm node entered mass production at the back-end of last year, with capacity fully booked and targeting over 60,000 WPM by the end of the year. Nvidia has secured roughly 60% of CoWoS allocation (c. 595,000 wafers), Broadcom about 15% (c. 150,000 wafers), and AMD approximately 11% (c. 105,000 wafers). Every custom ASIC in this article depends on CoWoS or its successor CoWoS-L for HBM integration, and TSMC's packaging capacity is now a more binding constraint than wafer fabrication itself.

The driving factor behind custom ASIC adoption is, of course, the rapid growth of inference workloads, which Deloitte projected to account for two-thirds of all AI compute this year.

With custom silicon’s up to 65% TCO advantage over conventional GPUs for inference at production scale, it’s easy to see why so many hyperscalers are pursuing custom ASICs. Broadcom and Marvell together control roughly 95% of the ASIC co-design market, so the question is no longer whether custom silicon will take share from Nvidia, but how quickly it erodes Nvidia's pricing power as these programs reach full production scale.

The creator of a 3D printer that mines Bitcoin took part in an interview on the Home Mining Podcast over the weekend. Host Two Sats quizzed creator PizzAndy about his adapted 3D printing prototype. In summary, the hybrid device is based on an open-source 3D printer design with a custom bed that is heat-controlled by throttling the Bitcoin mining ASICs attached to it. Yes, the printer bed is basically a heatsink. The compact prototype is capable of a humble 500 GH/s, says PizzAndy, but there are already plans for scaling and a tile-based model using Intel ASICs targeting at least 10 TH/s.

How did PizzAndy come up with this interesting blend of 3D printing and Bitcoin mining technology? In the interview, the creator says the thought initially popped into his head five years ago, when he was heating his basement workspace (in the cold months) to help his 3D printers work better.

Then, in 2024, PizzAndy attended a presentation about heat reuse — and something clicked. The 3D printer/BTC enthusiast thought it would be “a cool thing” to mix these two technologies, but wasn’t sure about its commercial value. Since that time, he has become convinced that a commercial product is worthwhile.

Podcast host Two Sats advises his guest that this kind of hybrid product has to be top quality, a respectable performer in its field, with Bitcoin as a bonus. Then the pair discusses the recent emergence of easy-to-market home heating products, which are dual-purpose Bitcoin mining hardware.

Round the clock business

PizzAndy notes that “this product is mostly intended to exist in a print farm, where printers are printing around the clock, all the time… that’s when the economics of a print farm are not unlike a Bitcoin mine. And if your machines aren’t printing, you’re not making money.”

Learning about the prototype

Andy says that the prototype achieves 500 GH/s when the bed is at 75 °C. The bed temperature is important to the process, so the BTC mining chips are run to target this particular thermal environment. This contrasts with typical BTC Miner optimization.

At this time, PizzAndy notes that the miner chip waste heat isn’t used to heat the extruder – only the 3D printer bed at this time.

Inside the prototype are four ‘BM 1362 AK chips’ according to the podcast transcript. A custom heatsink attached to these chips directly warms the bed. “That’s the heart of this printer, and its mining,” explains PizzAndy.

An open source printer design (Voron) forms the bones of this project, but Andy “designed everything on the Z-axis” with some supplementary electronics on the back. The ‘Bitcoin orange’ filament flourishes are the chef’s kiss of the design.

Roadmap and scaling

PizzAndy talks about a modular bed tile, which means you can scale up your printer bed and mining operation “as big as you want, theoretically.” Work on this is about to start, and the creator reckons there will be 16 mining chips per tile.

The mining hash rate of the new tiles at 75 °C is still to be determined, but estimates fall roughly between 10 and 30 TH/s with Intel BZM2 ASIC chips. “At least 10 TH/s or we riot,” quips Andy. And he teases there will be a prototype “soon.”

Interestingly, there is a configuration/efficiency perk of using cryptomining ASIC arrays to warm your 3D printer bed. Andy points out that you can selectively heat up certain zones of the printer bed, as each chip/tile is individually addressable. Also, different parts of the bed can be set to different temps to suit a range/mix of materials.

It will be interesting to see if this project takes off, or at least whether the bed tech gets bought/adopted by some of the bigger names in 3D printing. In essence, the underlying concept is like some of the Bitcoin water and space heater consumer products we’ve seen before.

German TechTuber Matthias ‘bitluni’ Balwierz has designed a “first of its kind” application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) which has a deviously humorous purpose. He got the ASIC manufactured via Tiny Tapeout, and the video below shows that plugging it into a display adapter results in an instant Rickroll.

Bitluni explains that his ASIC’s specific purpose was to display a Rickroll animation. You can see it is quite a basic animation, and it is said to be based on an animated GIF with 32x32 pixels, which uses 512 bytes on the chip. In effect, this ASIC is described as a ‘ROM’ that simply holds the data of an animation.

Shortly after the intro, the ASIC Bitluni designed is shown on a small carrier PCB, which is then attached to a VGA board – one of Bitluni’s previous electronics maker projects. Plugging this into a monitor will ‘surprise’ the victim with the infamous Rickroll animation.

Bitluni’s meme-silicon project was enabled by the Tiny Tapeout Program. He submitted this Rickroll project, alongside some of his more serious silicon chip designs, to Matt Venn's Tiny Tapeout 2 (TT2). The project provided 165 pieces of silicon real estate to contributors. You can see the Rickroll ASIC Bitluni designed highlighted in the first slide, below.

Elsewhere in the video, it is explained that everyone who was part of the TT2 program got the same chip and a manual with instructions to access any of the designs via the Caravel microcontroller wrapper for the user projects. Tiny Tapeout has a demo board with DIP switches making it easy to select and test any of the 165 projects. However, Bitluni wanted to make his project neater and therefore designed a dedicated PCB for the chip to make accessing his project a cinch.

There have been five Tiny Tapeout chip projects so far. You can read about them all, and find out about all the project submissions via the above linked TT2 page. Bitluni’s YouTube channel may also be worth further investigation if you like this project and are interested in building similar projects, gadgets, and so on.

Bitcoin ASIC design houses Bitmain and Canaan will be among the first companies to adopt TSMC’s 5nm. Bitmain received its first 5nm chips back from the fab in December, while Canaan is expected to have 5nm chips in the first quarter of 2020.

In December, Bitmain reportedly got the first test-grade 5nm bitcoin mining samples from TSMC. 8BTC.com reported that Canaan will follow suit and will be equipped with 5nm chips in the first quarter of 2020. This would be a slight concession in time to market to Bitmain, since Canaan was the first with a 7nm test chip.

As this is likely the result of the chip’s tape-out though, this means it could take another six to twelve months until the chips are ready for volume production. It is believed that Apple will be one of the first companies to adopt TSMC’s 5nm process. TSMC is likely to prioritize production capacity to Apple, making the 5nm chips from Bitmain and Canaan more symbolic than practical, 8BTC notes.

Nevertheless, 5nm is expected to provide a meaningful improvement in performance, power and area compared to the 7nm process. Leveraging EUV, TSMC claims a 1.84x logic density increase and has stated its yield improvement is faster than any previous node. It will go into volume production in the first half of 2020.