Every keystroke or mouse movement is sacred. So if you can, for example, hit CTRL+ALT+C to launch Chrome instead of rolling your mouse across the screen and clicking on an icon, why wouldn't you? In Windows, it's incredibly easy to make custom key combinations that open your favorite apps, but in Raspbian, the official OS of the Raspberry Pi, the process is a bit more complicated. Here's how to create custom keyboard shortcuts for Raspberry Pi.
Keep in mind that these shortcuts only work on the Raspbian desktop. If you're booting to the command prompt or logging into the command prompt via SSH, these won't be active.
1. Navigate to the command prompt. You can get there by hitting CTRL+ALT+T from the desktop, clicking the terminal icon, connecting via SSH or booting to the command prompt.
2. Open the /etc/xdg/openbox/lxde-pi-rc.xml file for editing by typing.
sudo nano /etc/xdg/openbox/lxde-pi-rc.xml
3. Scroll down to the <keyboard> section. You can also get there by hitting CTRL+W to search and entering <keyboard> at the prompt. If you look around the <keyboard> section, you'll see all of the Raspberry Pi's built-in keyboard shortcuts listed. For example, the code that designates ALT+F4 as the combo for closing a window is in this block.
4. Type a comment tag such as <!-- My Custom Keyboard Shortcuts --> under the </chainQuitKey> tag.. This step isn't absolutely necessary, but is helpful for finding your shortcuts later on.
5. Enter keybind code that looks like this under the comment tag.
<keybind key="[KEYBOARD COMBO]"><action name="Execute"><command>[LAUNCH COMMAND]</command></action></keybind>
Obviously, you need to replace [KEYBOARD COMBO] with an actual set of keys and [LAUNCH COMMAND] with the command you need to start the app. Here's an example that launches the Chromium browser when you hit CTRL+ALT+c.
<keybind key="C-A-c"><action name="Execute"><command>chromium-browser</command></action></keybind>
6. Save the file and reboot. Your keyboard shortcuts should now work.
Keybind Key Names
The keyboard combo must be some combination of keys with a hyphen separating them. For example, C-S-a would be CTRL+SHIFT+a and A+F2 would be ALT+F2. Special keys like CTRL and ALT have abbreviated names. Here's a list:
- A - ALT
- C - CTRL
- S - Shift
- W - Windows Key
- Print - Print Screen
- Up / Down / Right / Left - arrow keys
- Prior - Pg Up
- Next - Pg Dn
- space - spacebar
- Home - home
- End - end
- Return - enter
- BackSpace - backspace
If there are any other keys on your keyboard (an extra function key, etc), you can find out what the system calls them by opening a terminal window (from the Raspbian desktop) and typing in "xev -event keyboard" at the prompt. You will then see the name of every key you press in a format like this.
The screen shot above shows the xev output for hitting the Enter key, at least on the laptop we used for this article. You can see that it gives the name "Return" and it also gives a hexcode 0xff0d. You can use either one in your XML. So CTRL+ALT+Enter would be either C-A-Return or C-A-0xff0d.
Commands
To start a program, you need to know its execution command, the one you'd use if you wanted to launch it directly from a terminal window. You can find these commands for any installed program by right clicking its icon in the start menu and selecting properties and then viewing the Command field on the Desktop Entry tab. <
You can usually ignore the extra arguments after the command so "chromium-browser" works and does not actually require the %U in the keybind XML. One exception is the Gnome screen shot app which has to be launched as "gnome-screenshot --interactive." You can test any command by typing it into a terminal window. Also, sometimes there's a simpler command than shown here. For example, you can lunch the GIMP image editor with the command "gimp," but the command shown in the properties box is "gimp-2.10." Both work.
Here's a list of commands for popular apps.
- chromium-browser - Chromium
- geany - Geany
- scratch3 - Scratch 3
- gimp - GIMP
- vlc - VLC
- pcmanfm - File Manager
- lxterminal - Terminal
- galculator - Calculator
- gnome-screenshot --interactive - Gnome Screenshot
Actions
For launching programs, the most common reason for creating a keyboard shortcut, you'll always use "Execute" as the action. But there are a few other actions that you can use for manipulating elements of the Raspbian desktop UI or its windows. There's a complete list of possible actions available at the Openbox website (Openbox is the window manager that Raspbian uses by default). Here are some common ones:
- Execute - the main and probably only action you'll need for your keyboard macros
- ToggleFullScreen - Makes a window full screen. This is already assigned to ALT+F11
- Close - close window. Already assigned to ALT+F4
- Iconify - minimize window
- ToggleMaximize - maximize or unmaximize window
- NextWindow - go to next window. Already assigned to ALT+TAB
- PrevWindow - go to previous window. Already assigned to ALT+SHIFT+TAB
Some of the actions also have subtag options for them. For example, NextWindow has an option called allDesktops, which lets you choose whether you're going to cycle through windows on all desktops (assuming you have more than one) or only the current one. Openbox's site details all of the options.
