Recovering a password can be a complicated process. Think of encryption like a Sodoku puzzle. The larger and more complicated the puzzle, the harder it is to defeat an encryption scheme. There are two ways to go about trying, though.
In the first, hackers typically try to look for some sort of overall pattern. You can divide this further into different classes of attacks, some of which you may have heard of in the news, such as a side-channel attack. These methods are complex, and out of the reach for the everyday computer user. Only a select group of people have the skill set and drive to do that sort of work.
A much more primitive approach to defeating encryption is simple "guessing and checking." This is known as a brute-force attack. Think of this as generating every single combination of numbers that can be used to solve that same Sodoku puzzle, starting from an all ones all the way through all nines. There are ways to hide the "checking" part of the process to make the attack more complicated. But simple programs like WinZip and WinRAR don't have that luxury. If you are persistent, you can keep guessing passwords until hell freezes over. There is no limit on the number of guesses you get. So, the real problem in recovering a password is the speed at which you can guess the right answer.
Manually checking passwords is probably a foolish endeavor at best, especially if you're dealing with a long password. This is where password recovery tools come into play. They automate the process of guessing passwords.
| Available Characters Using The English Language | Possible Passwords Two Characters | Possible Passwords Four Characters | Possible Passwords Six Characters |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lower-case | 676 | 456 976 | 308 915 776 |
| Lower- and Upper-case | 2704 | 7 311 616 | 19 770 609 664 |
| Lower-case, Upper-case, and Numbers | 3844 | 14 776 336 | 56 800 235 584 |
| All ASCII Characters | 8836 | 78 074 896 | 689 869 781 056 |
Brute-force attacks rely on probability. The longer the password, the more passwords there are to check. This relies on the notion of permutations, which are the arrangement of objects in a particular order. So think of passwords as anagrams. If I gave you the letters a, b, and c, how many different ordered arrangements could you make? With only three letters, you can create a set of six permutations of the set {a,b,c}, namely [a,b,c], [a,c,b], [b,a,c], [b,c,a], [c,a,b], and [c,b,a].
Calculating the number of possible passwords is simple. Repetitions are allowed, so the formula is n(password length), where n is the number of possible characters. As you can see, at six characters, we're already in the billions if you include lower- and upper-case letters. If you also include special characters and numbers (all ASCII characters), you'll find that the number of password candidates explode to three-quarters of a trillion. And don't forget that that if you don't know the length of your password, you have to search all of the possible combinations from a single-character password to the length of your choosing.
Can you see where this is going?
