Why you can trust Tom's Hardware
To learn more about our PSU tests and methodology, please check out How We Test Power Supply Units.
Primary Rails And 5VSB Load Regulation
The following charts show the main rails' voltage values recorded between a range of 40W up to the PSU's maximum specified load, along with the deviation (in percent). Tight regulation is an important consideration every time we review a power supply because it facilitates constant voltage levels despite varying loads. Tight load regulation also, among other factors, improves the system’s stability, especially under overclocked conditions and, at the same time, it applies less stress to the DC-DC converters that many system components utilize.
Load regulation is not tight at 12V. We expected better results on this rail, which is the most important. The other rails perform better here, keeping up with the competition.
Hold-Up Time
Put simply; hold-up time is the amount of time that the system can continue to run without shutting down or rebooting during a power interruption.
The hold-up time is higher than 17ms, and the power ok signal is accurate.
Inrush Current
Inrush current, or switch-on surge, refers to the maximum, instantaneous input current drawn by an electrical device when it is first turned on. A large enough inrush current can cause circuit breakers and fuses to trip. It can also damage switches, relays, and bridge rectifiers. As a result, the lower the inrush current of a PSU right as it is turned on, the better.
Inrush current is low with 115V, but high with 230V input.
Leakage Current
In layman's terms, leakage current is the unwanted transfer of energy from one circuit to another. In power supplies, it is the current flowing from the primary side to the ground or the chassis, which in the majority of cases is connected to the ground. For measuring leakage current, we use a GW Instek GPT-9904 electrical safety tester instrument.
The leakage current test is conducted at 110% of the DUT's rated voltage input (so for a 230-240V device, we should conduct the test with 253-264V input). The maximum acceptable limit of a leakage current is 3.5 mA and it is defined by the IEC-60950-1 regulation, ensuring that the current is low and will not harm any person coming in contact with the power supply's chassis.
Leakage current is way below the 3.5mA limit.
10-110% Load Tests
These tests reveal the PSU's load regulation and efficiency levels under high ambient temperatures. They also show how the fan speed profile behaves under increased operating temperatures.
Test | 12V | 5V | 3.3V | 5VSB | DC/AC (Watts) | Efficiency | Fan Speed (RPM) | PSU Noise (dB[A]) | Temps (In/Out) | PF/AC Volts |
10% | 6.496A | 1.982A | 1.997A | 0.994A | 100.009 | 84.327% | 0 | <6.0 | 45.01°C | 0.861 |
Row 2 - Cell 0 | 12.070V | 5.047V | 3.306V | 5.029V | 118.284 | Row 2 - Cell 6 | Row 2 - Cell 7 | Row 2 - Cell 8 | 40.79°C | 115.14V |
20% | 14.020A | 2.975A | 2.997A | 1.195A | 199.964 | 90.502% | 0 | <6.0 | 46.19°C | 0.992 |
Row 4 - Cell 0 | 12.058V | 5.044V | 3.303V | 5.023V | 220.978 | Row 4 - Cell 6 | Row 4 - Cell 7 | Row 4 - Cell 8 | 41.68°C | 115.1V |
30% | 21.919A | 3.472A | 3.499A | 1.396A | 300.022 | 91.474% | 0 | <6.0 | 46.64°C | 0.996 |
Row 6 - Cell 0 | 12.042V | 5.041V | 3.301V | 5.017V | 328.106 | Row 6 - Cell 6 | Row 6 - Cell 7 | Row 6 - Cell 8 | 41.82°C | 115.07V |
40% | 29.810A | 3.971A | 4.001A | 1.597A | 399.737 | 91.88% | 0 | <6.0 | 47.47°C | 0.996 |
Row 8 - Cell 0 | 12.027V | 5.038V | 3.299V | 5.011V | 435.011 | Row 8 - Cell 6 | Row 8 - Cell 7 | Row 8 - Cell 8 | 42.4°C | 115.04V |
50% | 37.373A | 4.966A | 5.005A | 1.799A | 499.465 | 92.004% | 0 | <6.0 | 48.47°C | 0.997 |
Row 10 - Cell 0 | 12.013V | 5.035V | 3.297V | 5.005V | 542.887 | Row 10 - Cell 6 | Row 10 - Cell 7 | Row 10 - Cell 8 | 42.83°C | 115.02V |
60% | 45.039A | 5.966A | 6.013A | 2.001A | 600.021 | 91.466% | 929 | 16.2 | 43.48°C | 0.997 |
Row 12 - Cell 0 | 11.994V | 5.03V | 3.293V | 4.997V | 656.029 | Row 12 - Cell 6 | Row 12 - Cell 7 | Row 12 - Cell 8 | 49.58°C | 114.99V |
70% | 52.641A | 6.967A | 7.023A | 2.205A | 699.769 | 90.798% | 1207 | 24.2 | 43.92°C | 0.997 |
Row 14 - Cell 0 | 11.980V | 5.025V | 3.29V | 4.989V | 770.621 | Row 14 - Cell 6 | Row 14 - Cell 7 | Row 14 - Cell 8 | 50.76°C | 114.96V |
80% | 60.342A | 7.97A | 8.032A | 2.308A | 799.822 | 90.291% | 1520 | 30.2 | 44.23°C | 0.998 |
Row 16 - Cell 0 | 11.963V | 5.021V | 3.287V | 4.984V | 885.962 | Row 16 - Cell 6 | Row 16 - Cell 7 | Row 16 - Cell 8 | 52.05°C | 114.94V |
90% | 68.388A | 8.474A | 8.526A | 2.411A | 899.596 | 89.569% | 1794 | 35.5 | 44.84°C | 0.999 |
Row 18 - Cell 0 | 11.948V | 5.016V | 3.284V | 4.978V | 1004.185 | Row 18 - Cell 6 | Row 18 - Cell 7 | Row 18 - Cell 8 | 53.4°C | 114.92V |
100% | 76.274A | 8.978A | 9.052A | 3.024A | 999.64 | 88.835% | 2016 | 38.5 | 45.46°C | 0.998 |
Row 20 - Cell 0 | 11.930V | 5.013V | 3.281V | 4.961V | 1125.218 | Row 20 - Cell 6 | Row 20 - Cell 7 | Row 20 - Cell 8 | 55.04°C | 114.89V |
110% | 84.115A | 9.983A | 10.158A | 3.026A | 1100.265 | 88.152% | 2196 | 40.9 | 46.83°C | 0.998 |
Row 22 - Cell 0 | 11.911V | 5.009V | 3.278V | 4.958V | 1248.338 | Row 22 - Cell 6 | Row 22 - Cell 7 | Row 22 - Cell 8 | 57.55°C | 114.86V |
CL1 | 0.116A | 14.304A | 14.452A | 0A | 121.311 | 80.854% | 0 | <6.0 | 53.72°C | 0.878 |
Row 24 - Cell 0 | 12.051V | 5.048V | 3.3V | 5.071V | 150.132 | Row 24 - Cell 6 | Row 24 - Cell 7 | Row 24 - Cell 8 | 48.15°C | 115.13V |
CL2 | 0.116A | 21.755A | 0A | 0A | 111.399 | 79.795% | 925 | 15.7 | 42.65°C | 0.873 |
Row 26 - Cell 0 | 12.058V | 5.056V | 3.302V | 5.1V | 139.586 | Row 26 - Cell 6 | Row 26 - Cell 7 | Row 26 - Cell 8 | 50.19°C | 115.13V |
CL3 | 0.116A | 0A | 21.955A | 0A | 73.994 | 73.495% | 923 | 15.7 | 41.46°C | 0.785 |
Row 28 - Cell 0 | 12.057V | 5.053V | 3.307V | 5.045V | 100.664 | Row 28 - Cell 6 | Row 28 - Cell 7 | Row 28 - Cell 8 | 51.02°C | 115.15V |
CL4 | 83.740A | 0A | 0A | 0A | 1000.131 | 89.337% | 2185 | 40.7 | 46.99°C | 0.998 |
Row 30 - Cell 0 | 11.943V | 5.021V | 3.29V | 5.027V | 1118.937 | Row 30 - Cell 6 | Row 30 - Cell 7 | Row 30 - Cell 8 | 58.3°C | 114.89V |
The PSU can easily handle harsh conditions, delivering 110% of its max-rated capacity even at 47 degrees Celsius for prolonged periods. You should not push it so hard, exceed its official rating, and expect it to outlive the provided warranty.
20-80W Load Tests
In the following tests, we measure the PSU's efficiency at loads significantly lower than 10% of its maximum capacity (the lowest load the 80 PLUS standard measures). This is important for representing when a PC is idle with power-saving features turned on.
Test | 12V | 5V | 3.3V | 5VSB | DC/AC (Watts) | Efficiency | Fan Speed (RPM) | PSU Noise (dB[A]) | Temps (In/Out) | PF/AC Volts |
20W | 1.228A | 0.495A | 0.499A | 0.198A | 20 | 67.441% | 0 | <6.0 | 39.78°C | 0.663 |
Row 2 - Cell 0 | 12.086V | 5.048V | 3.307V | 5.046V | 29.856 | Row 2 - Cell 6 | Row 2 - Cell 7 | Row 2 - Cell 8 | 36.71°C | 115.14V |
40W | 2.706A | 0.693A | 0.699A | 0.298A | 39.999 | 76.257% | 0 | <6.0 | 40.57°C | 0.735 |
Row 4 - Cell 0 | 12.082V | 5.048V | 3.307V | 5.043V | 52.499 | Row 4 - Cell 6 | Row 4 - Cell 7 | Row 4 - Cell 8 | 37.27°C | 115.14V |
60W | 4.184A | 0.892A | 0.898A | 0.397A | 59.998 | 80.508% | 0 | <6.0 | 41.84°C | 0.767 |
Row 6 - Cell 0 | 12.078V | 5.048V | 3.307V | 5.042V | 74.463 | Row 6 - Cell 6 | Row 6 - Cell 7 | Row 6 - Cell 8 | 38.09°C | 115.14V |
80W | 5.658A | 1.09A | 1.098A | 0.496A | 79.956 | 82.812% | 0 | <6.0 | 44.42°C | 0.833 |
Row 8 - Cell 0 | 12.074V | 5.048V | 3.307V | 5.04V | 96.402 | Row 8 - Cell 6 | Row 8 - Cell 7 | Row 8 - Cell 8 | 40.34°C | 115.13V |
The PSU's fan doesn't need to spin at light loads, even with close to 40 degrees Celsius ambient.
2% or 10W Load Test
From July 2020, the ATX spec requires 70% and higher efficiency with 115V input. The applied load is only 10W for PSUs with 500W and lower capacities, while for stronger units, we dial 2% of their max-rated capacity.
12V | 5V | 3.3V | 5VSB | DC/AC (Watts) | Efficiency | Fan Speed (RPM) | PSU Noise (dB[A]) | Temps (In/Out) | PF/AC Volts |
1.472A | 0.255A | 0.255A | 0.053A | 20.181 | 66.799% | 0 | <6.0 | 17.83°C | 0.661 |
12.092V | 5.036V | 3.299V | 5.037V | 30.503 | Row 2 - Cell 5 | Row 2 - Cell 6 | Row 2 - Cell 7 | 15.6°C | 115.1V |
The 60% efficiency mark, which is an ATX requirement, is passed with a 2% load. It would be nice to see over 70%.
Efficiency and Power Factor
Next, we plotted a chart showing the PSU's efficiency at low loads and loads from 10 to 110% of its maximum rated capacity. The higher a PSU’s efficiency, the less energy goes wasted, leading to a reduced carbon footprint and lower electricity bills. The same goes for Power Factor.
With normal loads, the average efficiency is high. The problem is with light loads, where the platform needs tuning for higher efficiency. We would also like to see higher PF readings with 230V input.
5VSB Efficiency
Test # | 5VSB | DC/AC (Watts) | Efficiency | PF/AC Volts |
1 | 0.1A | 0.499W | 75.264% | 0.052 |
Row 2 - Cell 0 | Row 2 - Cell 1 | 4.989V | 0.663W | 115.14V |
2 | 0.25A | 1.247W | 78.399% | 0.121 |
Row 4 - Cell 0 | Row 4 - Cell 1 | 4.985V | 1.591W | 115.15V |
3 | 0.55A | 2.74W | 79.34% | 0.233 |
Row 6 - Cell 0 | Row 6 - Cell 1 | 4.98V | 3.453W | 115.14V |
4 | 1A | 4.973W | 79.035% | 0.343 |
Row 8 - Cell 0 | Row 8 - Cell 1 | 4.972V | 6.291W | 115.14V |
5 | 1.5A | 7.447W | 79.252% | 0.407 |
Row 10 - Cell 0 | Row 10 - Cell 1 | 4.963V | 9.397W | 115.14V |
6 | 3A | 14.811W | 78.22% | 0.491 |
Row 12 - Cell 0 | Row 12 - Cell 1 | 4.937V | 18.936W | 115.13V |
The 5VSB rail has high enough efficiency.
Power Consumption In Idle And Standby
Mode | 12V | 5V | 3.3V | 5VSB | Watts | PF/AC Volts |
Idle | 12.098V | 5.028V | 3.294V | 5.029V | 6.005 | 0.292 |
Row 2 - Cell 0 | Row 2 - Cell 1 | Row 2 - Cell 2 | Row 2 - Cell 3 | Row 2 - Cell 4 | Row 2 - Cell 5 | 115.09V |
Standby | Row 3 - Cell 1 | Row 3 - Cell 2 | Row 3 - Cell 3 | Row 3 - Cell 4 | 0.045 | 0.004 |
Row 4 - Cell 0 | Row 4 - Cell 1 | Row 4 - Cell 2 | Row 4 - Cell 3 | Row 4 - Cell 4 | Row 4 - Cell 5 | 115.09V |
Vampire power is low, with 115V and 230V input.
Fan RPM, Delta Temperature and Output Noise
All results are obtained between an ambient temperature of 37 to 47 degrees Celsius (98.6 to 116.6 degrees Fahrenheit).
The fan speed profile is not aggressive, even under high operating temperature, since as you can see in the graphs above, it increases linearly and up to 500W load, the PSU's fan doesn't spin.
The following results were obtained at 30 to 32 degrees Celsius (86 to 89.6 degrees Fahrenheit) ambient temperature.
At average operating temperatures, close to 30 degrees Celsius, the PSU is dead silent with up to 540W load combinations. It remains in the 6-30 dBA zone with up to 725W loads, and it exceeds 35 dBA with more than 820W.
MORE: Best Power Supplies
MORE: How We Test Power Supplies
MORE: All Power Supply Content
Current page: Load Regulation, Hold-Up Time, Inrush and Leakage Current, Efficiency and Noise
Prev Page Specifications and Part Analysis Next Page Protection Features, DC Power Sequencing, Cross-Load Tests and Infrared ImagesAris Mpitziopoulos is a contributing editor at Tom's Hardware, covering PSUs.
AMD reveals core specs for Instinct MI355X CDNA4 AI accelerator — slated for shipping in the second half of 2025
AMD-powered dual-screen OLED laptop launches at $1,270 — flagship Ryzen AI 9 model carries $1,860 price tag
Intel lays the groundwork for Xe3 Celestial graphics — Panther Lake CPU enablement in Linux has begun